select t.*
      ,concat(elt(e.pos+1,'Col_A','Col_B','Col_C','Col_D'),' failed null check') as New_Col
from   mytable t lateral view posexplode (array(Col_A,Col_B,Col_C,Col_D)) e
where  e.val is null

一种方法使用 union all :

select Col_A, Col_B, Col_C, Col_D, 'Col_A failed NULL check' as new_col
from t
where Col_A is null
union all
select Col_A, Col_B, Col_C, Col_D, 'Col_B failed NULL check' as new_col
from t
where Col_B is null
union all
select Col_A, Col_B, Col_C, Col_D, 'Col_C failed NULL check' as new_col
from t
where Col_C is null
union all
select Col_A, Col_B, Col_C, Col_D, 'Col_D failed NULL check' as new_col
from t
where Col_D is null;

这是相当残忍的武力。如果有很多列，可以使用电子表格生成sql。这还需要对每个子查询进行单独的扫描。