嵌入式Kafka测试在以下配置中对我有效，
测试类注解

@EnableKafka
@SpringBootTest(classes = {KafkaController.class}) // Specify @KafkaListener class if its not the same class, or not loaded with test config
@EmbeddedKafka(
    partitions = 1, 
    controlledShutdown = false,
    brokerProperties = {
        "listeners=PLAINTEXT://localhost:3333", 
        "port=3333"
})
public class KafkaConsumerTest {
    @Autowired
    KafkaEmbedded kafkaEmbeded;

    @Autowired
    KafkaListenerEndpointRegistry kafkaListenerEndpointRegistry;

设置方法的注解前

@Before
public void setUp() throws Exception {
  for (MessageListenerContainer messageListenerContainer : kafkaListenerEndpointRegistry.getListenerContainers()) {
    ContainerTestUtils.waitForAssignment(messageListenerContainer, 
    kafkaEmbeded.getPartitionsPerTopic());
  }
}

注意：我没有使用 @ClassRule 创建嵌入式Kafka而不是自动布线 @Autowired embeddedKafka ```
@Test
public void testReceive() throws Exception {
kafkaTemplate.send(topic, data);
}

希望这有帮助！
编辑：标记为的测试配置类 `@TestConfiguration` ```
@TestConfiguration
public class TestConfig {

@Bean
public ProducerFactory<String, String> producerFactory() {
    return new DefaultKafkaProducerFactory<>(KafkaTestUtils.producerProps(kafkaEmbedded));
}

@Bean
public KafkaTemplate<String, String> kafkaTemplate() {
    KafkaTemplate<String, String> kafkaTemplate = new KafkaTemplate<>(producerFactory());
    kafkaTemplate.setDefaultTopic(topic);
    return kafkaTemplate;
}

现在 @Test 方法将自动连接kafkatemplate并使用is发送消息

kafkaTemplate.send(topic, data);

更新了带上一行的应答代码块

我现在解决了这个问题

@BeforeClass
public static void setUpBeforeClass() {
    System.setProperty("spring.kafka.bootstrap-servers", embeddedKafka.getBrokersAsString());
    System.setProperty("spring.cloud.stream.kafka.binder.zkNodes", embeddedKafka.getZookeeperConnectionString());
}

在调试时，我看到嵌入的kaka服务器使用了一个随机端口。
我找不到它的配置，所以我将kafka配置设置为与服务器相同。对我来说还是有点难看。
我很想听到@mayur提到的那句话

@EmbeddedKafka(partitions = 1, controlledShutdown = false, brokerProperties = {"listeners=PLAINTEXT://localhost:9092", "port=9092"})

但在互联网上找不到合适的依赖关系。

因为被接受的答案不适合我。我找到了另一个基于https://blog.mimacom.com/testing-apache-kafka-with-spring-boot/ 我想和你分享的。
依赖项是“spring kafka测试”版本：“2.2.7.release”

@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@EmbeddedKafka(partitions = 1, topics = { "testTopic" })
@SpringBootTest
public class SimpleKafkaTest {

    private static final String TEST_TOPIC = "testTopic";

    @Autowired
    EmbeddedKafkaBroker embeddedKafkaBroker;

    @Test
    public void testReceivingKafkaEvents() {
        Consumer<Integer, String> consumer = configureConsumer();
        Producer<Integer, String> producer = configureProducer();

        producer.send(new ProducerRecord<>(TEST_TOPIC, 123, "my-test-value"));

        ConsumerRecord<Integer, String> singleRecord = KafkaTestUtils.getSingleRecord(consumer, TEST_TOPIC);
        assertThat(singleRecord).isNotNull();
        assertThat(singleRecord.key()).isEqualTo(123);
        assertThat(singleRecord.value()).isEqualTo("my-test-value");

        consumer.close();
        producer.close();
    }

    private Consumer<Integer, String> configureConsumer() {
        Map<String, Object> consumerProps = KafkaTestUtils.consumerProps("testGroup", "true", embeddedKafkaBroker);
        consumerProps.put(ConsumerConfig.AUTO_OFFSET_RESET_CONFIG, "earliest");
        Consumer<Integer, String> consumer = new DefaultKafkaConsumerFactory<Integer, String>(consumerProps)
                .createConsumer();
        consumer.subscribe(Collections.singleton(TEST_TOPIC));
        return consumer;
    }

    private Producer<Integer, String> configureProducer() {
        Map<String, Object> producerProps = new HashMap<>(KafkaTestUtils.producerProps(embeddedKafkaBroker));
        return new DefaultKafkaProducerFactory<Integer, String>(producerProps).createProducer();
    }
}