这对我有用。试试看

@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest
public class KafkaEmbeddedTest {

    private static String SENDER_TOPIC = "testTopic";

    @ClassRule
    // By default it creates two partitions.
    public static KafkaEmbedded embeddedKafka = new KafkaEmbedded(1, true, SENDER_TOPIC); 

    @Test
    public void testSend() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {

        Map<String, Object> senderProps = KafkaTestUtils.producerProps(embeddedKafka);
        //If you wish to send it to partitions other than 0 and 1, 
        //then you need to specify number of paritions in the declaration

        KafkaProducer<Integer, String> producer = new KafkaProducer<>(senderProps);
        producer.send(new ProducerRecord<>(SENDER_TOPIC, 0, 0, "message00")).get();
        producer.send(new ProducerRecord<>(SENDER_TOPIC, 0, 1, "message01")).get();
        producer.send(new ProducerRecord<>(SENDER_TOPIC, 1, 0, "message10")).get();

        Map<String, Object> consumerProps = KafkaTestUtils.consumerProps("sampleRawConsumer", "false", embeddedKafka);
        // Make sure you set the offset as earliest, because by the 
        // time consumer starts, producer might have sent all messages
        consumerProps.put("auto.offset.reset", "earliest");

        final List<String> receivedMessages = Lists.newArrayList();
        final CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(3);
        ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
        executorService.execute(() -> {
            KafkaConsumer<Integer, String> kafkaConsumer = new KafkaConsumer<>(consumerProps);
            kafkaConsumer.subscribe(Collections.singletonList(SENDER_TOPIC));
            try {
                while (true) {
                    ConsumerRecords<Integer, String> records = kafkaConsumer.poll(100);
                    records.iterator().forEachRemaining(record -> {
                        receivedMessages.add(record.value());
                        latch.countDown();
                    });
                }
            } finally {
                kafkaConsumer.close();
            }
        });

    latch.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
    assertTrue(receivedMessages.containsAll(Arrays.asList("message00", "message01", "message10")));
    }
}

我用倒计时锁是因为 Producer.Send(..) 是异步操作。所以我在这里做的是在一个无限循环中等待，每100毫秒轮询一次kafka，如果有新的记录，如果有，将它添加到一个列表中，以便将来Assert，然后减少倒计时。我总共会等10秒钟来确定。
您也可以使用一个简单的循环，然后在几分钟后退出（如果您不希望使用countdownlatch和executorservice之类的东西）