它可以通过有状态重试来完成—在这种情况下，每次重试后都会抛出异常，但状态是在retry state对象中维护的，因此该消息的下一次传递将使用下一个延迟等。
这需要消息中的某些内容（例如标头）来唯一地标识每条消息。幸运的是，对于kafka，主题、分区和偏移量为状态提供了唯一的密钥。
然而，目前 RetryingMessageListenerAdapter 不支持有状态重试。
您可以在侦听器容器工厂中禁用retry，并使用有状态的 RetryTemplate 在侦听器中，使用 execute 采取的方法 RetryState 争论。
可以随意为框架添加github问题，以支持有状态重试；欢迎投稿已发出拉取请求。
编辑
我刚刚编写了一个测试用例来演示如何使用 @KafkaListener ...

/*
 * Copyright 2018 the original author or authors.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package org.springframework.kafka.annotation;

import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;

import java.util.Map;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

import org.apache.kafka.clients.consumer.ConsumerConfig;
import org.junit.ClassRule;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.kafka.config.ConcurrentKafkaListenerContainerFactory;
import org.springframework.kafka.config.KafkaListenerContainerFactory;
import org.springframework.kafka.core.DefaultKafkaConsumerFactory;
import org.springframework.kafka.core.DefaultKafkaProducerFactory;
import org.springframework.kafka.core.KafkaTemplate;
import org.springframework.kafka.core.ProducerFactory;
import org.springframework.kafka.listener.SeekToCurrentErrorHandler;
import org.springframework.kafka.support.KafkaHeaders;
import org.springframework.kafka.test.rule.KafkaEmbedded;
import org.springframework.kafka.test.utils.KafkaTestUtils;
import org.springframework.messaging.handler.annotation.Header;
import org.springframework.retry.RetryState;
import org.springframework.retry.backoff.ExponentialBackOffPolicy;
import org.springframework.retry.support.DefaultRetryState;
import org.springframework.retry.support.RetryTemplate;
import org.springframework.test.annotation.DirtiesContext;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;

/**
 * @author Gary Russell
 * @since 5.0
 *
 */
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@DirtiesContext
public class StatefulRetryTests {

    private static final String DEFAULT_TEST_GROUP_ID = "statefulRetry";

    @ClassRule
    public static KafkaEmbedded embeddedKafka = new KafkaEmbedded(1, true, 1, "sr1");

    @Autowired
    private Config config;

    @Autowired
    private KafkaTemplate<Integer, String> template;

    @Test
    public void testStatefulRetry() throws Exception {
        this.template.send("sr1", "foo");
        assertThat(this.config.listener1().latch1.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS)).isTrue();
        assertThat(this.config.listener1().latch2.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS)).isTrue();
        assertThat(this.config.listener1().result).isTrue();
    }

    @Configuration
    @EnableKafka
    public static class Config {

        @Bean
        public KafkaListenerContainerFactory<?> kafkaListenerContainerFactory() {
            ConcurrentKafkaListenerContainerFactory<Integer, String> factory =
                    new ConcurrentKafkaListenerContainerFactory<>();
            factory.setConsumerFactory(consumerFactory());
            factory.getContainerProperties().setErrorHandler(new SeekToCurrentErrorHandler());
            return factory;
        }

        @Bean
        public DefaultKafkaConsumerFactory<Integer, String> consumerFactory() {
            return new DefaultKafkaConsumerFactory<>(consumerConfigs());
        }

        @Bean
        public Map<String, Object> consumerConfigs() {
            Map<String, Object> consumerProps =
                    KafkaTestUtils.consumerProps(DEFAULT_TEST_GROUP_ID, "false", embeddedKafka);
            consumerProps.put(ConsumerConfig.AUTO_OFFSET_RESET_CONFIG, "earliest");
            return consumerProps;
        }

        @Bean
        public KafkaTemplate<Integer, String> template() {
            KafkaTemplate<Integer, String> kafkaTemplate = new KafkaTemplate<>(producerFactory());
            return kafkaTemplate;
        }

        @Bean
        public ProducerFactory<Integer, String> producerFactory() {
            return new DefaultKafkaProducerFactory<>(producerConfigs());
        }

        @Bean
        public Map<String, Object> producerConfigs() {
            return KafkaTestUtils.producerProps(embeddedKafka);
        }

        @Bean
        public Listener listener1() {
            return new Listener();
        }

    }

    public static class Listener {

        private static final RetryTemplate retryTemplate = new RetryTemplate();

        private static final ConcurrentMap<String, RetryState> states = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

        static {
            ExponentialBackOffPolicy backOff = new ExponentialBackOffPolicy();
            retryTemplate.setBackOffPolicy(backOff);
        }

        private final CountDownLatch latch1 = new CountDownLatch(3);

        private final CountDownLatch latch2 = new CountDownLatch(1);

        private volatile boolean result;

        @KafkaListener(topics = "sr1", groupId = "sr1")
        public void listen1(final String in, @Header(KafkaHeaders.RECEIVED_TOPIC) String topic,
                @Header(KafkaHeaders.RECEIVED_PARTITION_ID) int partition,
                @Header(KafkaHeaders.OFFSET) long offset) {
            String recordKey = topic + partition + offset;
            RetryState retryState = states.get(recordKey);
            if (retryState == null) {
                retryState = new DefaultRetryState(recordKey);
                states.put(recordKey, retryState);
            }
            this.result = retryTemplate.execute(c -> {

                // do your work here

                this.latch1.countDown();
                throw new RuntimeException("retry");
            }, c -> {
                latch2.countDown();
                return true;
            }, retryState);
            states.remove(recordKey);
        }

    }

}

和

Seek to current after exception; nested exception is org.springframework.kafka.listener.ListenerExecutionFailedException: Listener method 'public void org.springframework.kafka.annotation.StatefulRetryTests$Listener.listen1(java.lang.String,java.lang.String,int,long)' threw exception; nested exception is java.lang.RuntimeException: retry

每次尝试交货后。
在本例中，我添加了一个恢复程序来在重试结束后处理消息。您可以执行其他操作，例如停止容器（但是在单独的线程上执行此操作，就像我们在 ContainerStoppingErrorHandler ).