原来，我的问题是选择了错误的安全组。
我使用的是同一个安全组（我将其命名为 elasticsearch-${domain_name} )连接到elasticsearch示例（该示例允许tcp从 firehose_es 安全组）。我应该选择 firehose_es 而不是安全组。
根据评论中的要求，这里是 firehose_es 销售代表。

resource "aws_security_group" "firehose_es" {
  name        = "firehose_es"
  description = "Firehose to send logs to Elasticsearch"
  vpc_id      = module.networking.aws_vpc_id
}

resource "aws_security_group_rule" "firehose_es_https_ingress" {
  type              = "ingress"
  from_port         = 443
  to_port           = 443
  protocol          = "tcp"
  security_group_id = aws_security_group.firehose_es.id
  cidr_blocks       = ["10.0.0.0/8"]
}

resource "aws_security_group_rule" "firehose_es_https_egress" {
  type                     = "egress"
  from_port                = 443
  to_port                  = 443
  protocol                 = "tcp"
  security_group_id        = aws_security_group.firehose_es.id
  source_security_group_id = aws_security_group.elasticsearch.id
}

我在问这个问题之前解决的另一件事（这可能是你们中的一些人提出这个问题的原因）是使用正确的角色并将正确的策略附加到角色上。这是我的角色（作为地形配置）

// https://docs.aws.amazon.com/firehose/latest/dev/controlling-access.html
data "aws_iam_policy_document" "firehose_es_policy_specific" {
  statement {
    actions = [
      "s3:AbortMultipartUpload",
      "s3:GetBucketLocation",
      "s3:GetObject",
      "s3:ListBucket",
      "s3:ListBucketMultipartUploads",
      "s3:PutObject"
    ]
    resources = [
      aws_s3_bucket.firehose.arn,
      "${aws_s3_bucket.firehose.arn}/*"
    ]
  }

  statement {
    actions = [
      "es:DescribeElasticsearchDomain",
      "es:DescribeElasticsearchDomains",
      "es:DescribeElasticsearchDomainConfig",
      "es:ESHttpPost",
      "es:ESHttpPut"
    ]

    resources = [
      var.elasticsearch_domain_arn,
      "${var.elasticsearch_domain_arn}/*",
    ]
  }

  statement {
    actions = [
      "es:ESHttpGet"
    ]

    resources = [
      "${var.elasticsearch_domain_arn}/_all/_settings",
      "${var.elasticsearch_domain_arn}/_cluster/stats",
      "${var.elasticsearch_domain_arn}/${var.name_prefix}${var.name}_${var.app}*/_mapping/type-name",
      "${var.elasticsearch_domain_arn}/_nodes",
      "${var.elasticsearch_domain_arn}/_nodes/stats",
      "${var.elasticsearch_domain_arn}/_nodes/*/stats",
      "${var.elasticsearch_domain_arn}/_stats",
      "${var.elasticsearch_domain_arn}/${var.name_prefix}${var.name}_${var.app}*/_stats"
    ]
  }

  statement {
    actions = [
      "ec2:DescribeVpcs",
      "ec2:DescribeVpcAttribute",
      "ec2:DescribeSubnets",
      "ec2:DescribeSecurityGroups",
      "ec2:DescribeNetworkInterfaces",
      "ec2:CreateNetworkInterface",
      "ec2:CreateNetworkInterfacePermission",
      "ec2:DeleteNetworkInterface",
    ]

    resources = [
      "*"
    ]
  }
}

resource "aws_kinesis_firehose_delivery_stream" "ecs" {
  name        = "${var.name_prefix}${var.name}_${var.app}"
  destination = "elasticsearch"

  s3_configuration {
    role_arn           = aws_iam_role.firehose_es.arn
    bucket_arn         = aws_s3_bucket.firehose.arn
    buffer_interval    = 60
    compression_format = "GZIP"
  }

  elasticsearch_configuration {
    domain_arn = var.elasticsearch_domain_arn
    role_arn   = aws_iam_role.firehose_es.arn

    # If Firehose cannot deliver to Elasticsearch, logs are sent to S3
    s3_backup_mode = "FailedDocumentsOnly"

    buffering_interval = 60
    buffering_size     = 5

    index_name            = "${var.name_prefix}${var.name}_${var.app}"
    index_rotation_period = "OneMonth"

    vpc_config {
      subnet_ids         = var.elasticsearch_subnet_ids
      security_group_ids = [var.firehose_security_group_id]
      role_arn           = aws_iam_role.firehose_es.arn
    }
  }
}

在再次阅读了《控制访问amazon kinesis数据firehose》一文之后，我终于明白了自己的错误所在。