我正在学习《数据库系统概念》第六版这本书,它使用了一个大学数据库的例子。这个数据库的模式如下。粗体表示主键:
department(dept_name, building, budget)
course(course_id, title, dept_name, credits)
instructor(ID, name, dept_name, salary)
section(course_id, sec_id, semester, year, building, room number, time_slot_id)
teaches(ID, course_id, sec_id, semester, year)
prereq(course_id, prereq_id)
书中提出了以下问题:
“列出教员的姓名以及他们所教授课程的名称”。
这本书给出的答案是:
select name, title
from instructor natural join teaches, course
where teaches.course id = course.course id;
此外,作者还说:
“相反,以下sql查询计算的结果不同:
select name, title
from instructor natural join teaches natural join course;
要了解原因,请注意讲师和教师的自然连接包含属性(id、name、dept name、salary、course id、sec id),而课程关系包含属性(course id、title、dept name、credits)。因此,这两者的自然连接除了要求course id值相同外,还要求两个输入的dept name属性值相同。然后,此查询将省略所有(讲师姓名、课程名称)对,其中讲师在讲师自己的部门以外的部门教授课程。另一方面,前面的查询正确地输出了这样的对。”
现在我试着用这两个问题来找出区别。
mysql> select * from instructor;
+-------+------------+------------+----------+
| ID | name | dept_name | salary |
+-------+------------+------------+----------+
| 10101 | Srinivasan | Comp. Sci. | 65000.00 |
| 12121 | Wu | Finance | 90000.00 |
| 15151 | Mozart | Music | 40000.00 |
| 22222 | Einstein | Physics | 95000.00 |
| 32343 | El Said | History | 60000.00 |
| 33456 | Gold | Physics | 87000.00 |
| 45565 | Katz | Comp. Sci. | 75000.00 |
| 58583 | Califieri | History | 62000.00 |
| 76543 | Singh | Finance | 80000.00 |
| 76766 | Crick | Biology | 72000.00 |
| 83821 | Brandt | Comp. Sci. | 92000.00 |
| 98345 | Kim | Elec. Eng. | 80000.00 |
+-------+------------+------------+----------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from course;
+-----------+----------------------------+------------+---------+
| course_id | title | dept_name | credits |
+-----------+----------------------------+------------+---------+
| BIO-101 | Intro. to Biology | Biology | 4 |
| BIO-301 | Genetics | Biology | 4 |
| BIO-399 | Computational Biology | Biology | 3 |
| CS-101 | Intro. to Computer Science | Comp. Sci. | 4 |
| CS-190 | Game Design | Comp. Sci. | 4 |
| CS-315 | Robotica | Comp. Sci. | 3 |
| CS-319 | Image Processing | Comp. Sci. | 3 |
| CS-347 | Database System Concepts | Comp. Sci. | 3 |
| EE-181 | Intro. to Digital Systems | Elec. Eng. | 3 |
| FIN-201 | Investment Banking | Finance | 3 |
| HIS-351 | World History | History | 3 |
| MU-199 | Music Video Production | Music | 3 |
| PHY-101 | Physical Principles | Physics | 4 |
+-----------+----------------------------+------------+---------+
mysql> select * from teaches;
+-------+-----------+--------+----------+------+
| ID | course_id | sec_id | semester | year |
+-------+-----------+--------+----------+------+
| 76766 | BIO-101 | 1 | Summer | 2009 |
| 76766 | BIO-301 | 1 | Summer | 2010 |
| 10101 | CS-101 | 1 | Fall | 2009 |
| 45565 | CS-101 | 1 | Spring | 2010 |
| 83821 | CS-190 | 1 | Spring | 2009 |
| 83821 | CS-190 | 2 | Spring | 2009 |
| 10101 | CS-315 | 1 | Spring | 2010 |
| 45565 | CS-319 | 1 | Spring | 2010 |
| 83821 | CS-319 | 2 | Spring | 2010 |
| 10101 | CS-347 | 1 | Fall | 2009 |
| 98345 | EE-181 | 1 | Spring | 2009 |
| 12121 | FIN-201 | 1 | Spring | 2010 |
| 32343 | HIS-351 | 1 | Spring | 2010 |
| 15151 | MU-199 | 1 | Spring | 2010 |
| 22222 | PHY-101 | 1 | Fall | 2009 |
+-------+-----------+--------+----------+------+
15 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select name, title
-> from instructor natural join teaches, course
-> where teaches.course_id = course.course_id;
+------------+----------------------------+
| name | title |
+------------+----------------------------+
| Crick | Intro. to Biology |
| Crick | Genetics |
| Srinivasan | Intro. to Computer Science |
| Katz | Intro. to Computer Science |
| Brandt | Game Design |
| Brandt | Game Design |
| Srinivasan | Robotica |
| Katz | Image Processing |
| Brandt | Image Processing |
| Srinivasan | Database System Concepts |
| Kim | Intro. to Digital Systems |
| Wu | Investment Banking |
| El Said | World History |
| Mozart | Music Video Production |
| Einstein | Physical Principles |
+------------+----------------------------+
15 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select name, title
-> from instructor natural join teaches natural join course;
+------------+----------------------------+
| name | title |
+------------+----------------------------+
| Crick | Intro. to Biology |
| Crick | Genetics |
| Srinivasan | Intro. to Computer Science |
| Katz | Intro. to Computer Science |
| Brandt | Game Design |
| Brandt | Game Design |
| Srinivasan | Robotica |
| Katz | Image Processing |
| Brandt | Image Processing |
| Srinivasan | Database System Concepts |
| Kim | Intro. to Digital Systems |
| Wu | Investment Banking |
| El Said | World History |
| Mozart | Music Video Production |
| Einstein | Physical Principles |
+------------+----------------------------+
15 rows in set (0.00 sec)
从结果我看不出有什么不同,而且我不明白为什么会有不同。与书中所述不同,讲师和教师的自然连接包含属性id、name、depart name、salary、course id、sec id、sement、year。
1条答案
按热度按时间mrphzbgm1#
这本书是正确的。这些查询不是等价的。示例数据(detp\u name值不同):
dbfiddle演示
就我个人而言,我不会使用任何建议的查询:
重写为:
D小提琴演示2