你可以用 DESCRIBE 语句，它显示有关表的元数据，如列名及其数据类型。
这个 DESCRIBE FORMATTED 以apache hive用户熟悉的格式显示其他信息。
例子：
我创建了一个如下表。

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Employee_Local( EmployeeId INT,Name STRING, 
Designation STRING,State STRING, Number STRING)
ROW Format Delimited Fields Terminated by ',' STORED AS Textfile;

描述语句
您可以使用缩写desc作为describe语句。

hive> DESCRIBE Employee_Local;
OK
employeeid              int                                         
name                    string                                      
designation             string                                      
state                   string                                      
number                  string

描述格式化语句

hive> describe formatted Employee_Local;
OK

# col_name              data_type               comment

employeeid              int                                         
name                    string                                      
designation             string                                      
state                   string                                      
number                  string                                      

# Detailed Table Information

Database:               default                  
Owner:                  cloudera                 
CreateTime:             Fri Mar 15 10:53:35 PDT 2019     
LastAccessTime:         UNKNOWN                  
Protect Mode:           None                     
Retention:              0                        
Location:               hdfs://quickstart.cloudera:8020/user/hive/warehouse/employee_test    
Table Type:             MANAGED_TABLE            
Table Parameters:        
    transient_lastDdlTime   1552672415          

# Storage Information

SerDe Library:          org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.lazy.LazySimpleSerDe   
InputFormat:            org.apache.hadoop.mapred.TextInputFormat     
OutputFormat:           org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.HiveIgnoreKeyTextOutputFormat   
Compressed:             No                       
Num Buckets:            -1                       
Bucket Columns:         []                       
Sort Columns:           []                       
Storage Desc Params:         
    field.delim             ,                   
    serialization.format    ,                   
Time taken: 0.544 seconds, Fetched: 31 row(s)

甚至可以从spark shell获得配置单元表的模式，如下所示：

scala> spark.sql("desc formatted test_loop").collect().foreach(println)
[policyid,bigint,null]
[statecode,string,null]
[county,string,null]
[eq_site_limit,bigint,null]
[hu_site_limit,bigint,null]
[fl_site_limit,bigint,null]
[fr_site_limit,bigint,null]
[tiv_2011,bigint,null]
[tiv_2012,double,null]
[eq_site_deductible,double,null]
[hu_site_deductible,double,null]
[fl_site_deductible,double,null]
[fr_site_deductible,double,null]
[point_latitude,double,null]
[point_longitude,double,null]
[line,string,null]
[construction,string,null]
[point_granularity,bigint,null]
[,,]
[# Detailed Table Information,,]
[Database:,default,]
[Owner:,mapr,]
[Create Time:,Fri May 26 17:56:04 EDT 2017,]
[Last Access Time:,Wed Dec 31 19:00:00 EST 1969,]
[Location:,maprfs:/user/hv2/warehouse/test_loop,]
[Table Type:,MANAGED,]
[Table Parameters:,,]
[  rawDataSize,254192494,]
[  numFiles,1,]
[  transient_lastDdlTime,1495845784,]
[  totalSize,251167564,]
[  numRows,3024360,]
[,,]
[# Storage Information,,]
[SerDe Library:,org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.lazy.LazySimpleSerDe,]
[InputFormat:,org.apache.hadoop.mapred.TextInputFormat,]
[OutputFormat:,org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.HiveIgnoreKeyTextOutputFormat,]
[Compressed:,No,]
[Storage Desc Parameters:,,]
[  serialization.format,1,]