import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.function.Executable;

@SpringBootTest
class Sample{

   @Autowired
   TestService service;

   @Test
   void sampleTest(){
      Executable exec = ()-> service.execute();
      Throwable thrown = assertThrows(MyException.class, exec, "Type your message");        
      assertEquals("Dancing stars", thrown.getMessage());
    }
}

请参考这里的文件。