你可以用这个 insert ... select 语法和用于筛选的相关子查询：

insert into prec(value, date)
select v.*
from (values (4,'2020-01-25')) v(value, date)
where (select top (1) m.date from mant m where m.date <= v.date order by m.date desc) = 1

您还可以通过聚合来实现这一点：

insert into prec(value, date)
select v.*
from (values (4,'2020-01-25')) v(value, date)
where (select max(m.date) from mant m where m.date <= v.date) = 1

我相信您正在寻找引发异常的插入触发器。例如：

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER person_id_trigg
AFTER INSERT
    ON person
    FOR EACH ROW
    BEGIN
        IF( NOT EXISTS(select max(m.date) from mant m where m.date <= v.date AND state = 1) )
        THEN
        RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR( -20001, 
                         'The MANT date is invalid for PREC' );
        END IF;
END;

我建议您不要允许直接插入。您可以通过存储过程来控制它。

CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.PREC_Insert 
@value INT
,@DateValue DATE
AS
BEGIN
    DECLARE @maxDate DATE = (
            SELECT max(DATE)
            FROM PREC
            )
    DECLARE @errorMessage NVARCHAR(4000)

    IF @Datevalue > @maxDate
    BEGIN
        SET @errorMessage = 'You cannot insert date value older than ' + CAST(@maxDate AS VARCHAR(12) 
        throw 51000, @errorMessage, 1;
    END 
    ELSE 
    BEGIN
        -- Do the insert
    END 

END

如果要允许直接插入，可以使用after insert触发器来处理。