找到了我要找的东西。您可以使用Jenkinsfile中的以下块限制并发构建。

node {
  // This limits build concurrency to 1 per branch
  properties([disableConcurrentBuilds()])

  //do stuff
  ...
}

使用声明性语法也可以实现同样的目的：

pipeline {
    options {
        disableConcurrentBuilds()
    }
}

使用Lockable Resources插件(GitHub)可以限制并发构建或阶段。我总是使用这种机制来确保不会同时执行任何发布/发布步骤，而可以同时构建正常的阶段。

echo 'Starting'
lock('my-resource-name') {
  echo 'Do something here that requires unique access to the resource'
  // any other build will wait until the one locking the resource leaves this block
}
echo 'Finish'

正如@VadminKotov指出的，也可以禁用使用Jenkins声明性管道的并发构建：

pipeline {
    agent any
    options { disableConcurrentBuilds() }
    stages {
        stage('Build') {
            steps {
                echo 'Hello Jenkins Declarative Pipeline'
            }
        }
    }
}

disableConcurrentBuilds

不允许并行执行管道。可用于防止同时访问共享资源等。例如：options { disableConcurrentBuilds() }

谢谢Jazzschmidt，我希望轻松锁定所有阶段，这对我很有效(source)

pipeline {
  agent any
  options {
    lock('shared_resource_lock')
  }
  ...
  ...
}

我也得到了多分支锁定的解决方案，使用可解锁的资源插件，这里的共享库是：

Jenkins文件：

@Library('my_pipeline_lib@master') _
myLockablePipeline()

MyLockablePipeline.groovy：

call(Map config){
        def jobIdentifier = env.JOB_NAME.tokenize('/') as String[];

        def projectName = jobIdentifier[0];
        def repoName = jobIdentifier[1];
        def branchName = jobIdentifier[2];

        //now you can use either part of the jobIdentifier to lock or 
    limit the concurrents build
        //here I choose to lock any concurrent build for PR but you can choose all

        if(branchName.startsWith("PR-")){
           lock(projectName+"/"+repoName){
              yourTruePipelineFromYourSharedLib(config);
           }
        }else{
           // Others branches can freely concurrently build
           yourTruePipelineFromYourSharedLib(config);
        }
}

要锁定所有分支，只需在myLockablePipeline.groovy中执行以下操作：

call(Map config){

def jobIdentifier = env.JOB_NAME.tokenize('/') as String[];

def projectName = jobIdentifier[0];
def repoName = jobIdentifier[1];
def branchName = jobIdentifier[2];

 lock(projectName+"/"+repoName){
    yourTruePipelineFromYourSharedLib(config);
 }
}