python 如何将单个测量不确定度纳入高斯过程?

5us2dqdw  于 2022-10-30  发布在  Python
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我有一组观测值f_i=f(x_i),我想构造一个概率替代值f(x) ~ N[mu(x), sigma(x)],其中N是正态分布。每个观测输出f_i与一个测量不确定度sigma_i相关联。我想将这些测量不确定度合并到我的替代值f_i中。从而mu(x)预测观测值f_i(x_i),并且预测的标准偏差sigma(x_i)包含观测输出epsilon_i中的不确定性。
我能想到的唯一方法是通过蒙特卡罗抽样和高斯过程建模的结合。用单个高斯过程完成这一点是理想的,而不需要蒙特卡罗样本,但我不能使这一工作。
我展示了实现我的目标的三种尝试。前两种方法避免了蒙特卡罗抽样,但没有预测f(x_i)的平均值,不确定性带包围了epsilon(x_i)。第三种方法使用蒙特卡罗抽样,并实现了我想要做的事情。
有没有一种方法可以创建一个高斯过程,平均预测平均观测输出,不确定性将包络观测输出中的不确定性,而不使用这种蒙特卡罗方法?

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import matplotlib
from sklearn.gaussian_process import GaussianProcessRegressor
from sklearn.gaussian_process.kernels import RBF, Matern, ExpSineSquared, WhiteKernel

# given a set of inputs, x_i, and corresponding outputs, f_i, I want to make a surrogate f(x).

# each f_i is measured with a different instrument, that has a different uncertainty.

# measured inputs

xs = np.array([44, 77, 125])

# measured outputs

fs = [8.64, 10.73, 12.13]

# uncertainty in measured outputs

errs = np.array([0.1, 0.2, 0.3])

# inputs to predict

finex = np.linspace(20, 200, 200)

############# 

### approach 1: uncertainty in kernel

# - the kernel is constant and cannot change as a function of the input

# - uncertainty in measurements can be incorporated using a whitenoisekernel

# - the white noise uncertainty can be specified as the average of the observation error

# RBF + whitenoise kernel

kernel = 1 * RBF(length_scale=9, length_scale_bounds=(10, 1e3)) + WhiteKernel(errs.mean(), noise_level_bounds=(errs.mean() - 1e-8, errs.mean() + 1e-8))
gaussian_process = GaussianProcessRegressor(kernel=kernel, n_restarts_optimizer=9, normalize_y=True)
gaussian_process.fit((np.atleast_2d(xs).T), (fs))
mu, std = gaussian_process.predict((np.atleast_2d(finex).T), return_std=True)
plt.scatter(xs, fs, zorder=3, s=30)
plt.fill_between(finex, (mu - std), (mu + std), facecolor='grey')
plt.plot(finex, mu, c='w')
plt.errorbar(xs, fs, yerr=errs, ls='none')
plt.xlabel('input')
plt.ylabel('output')
plt.title('White Noise Kernel - assumes uniform sensor error')
plt.savefig('gp_whitenoise')
plt.clf()

#################### 

### Aproach 2: incorporate measurement uncertainty in the likelihood function

# - the likelihood function can be altered throught the alpha parameter

# - this assumes gaussian uncertainty in the measured input

kernel = 1 * RBF(length_scale=9, length_scale_bounds=(10, 1e3))
gaussian_process = GaussianProcessRegressor(kernel=kernel, n_restarts_optimizer=9, normalize_y=True, alpha=errs)
gaussian_process.fit((np.atleast_2d(xs).T), (fs))
mu, std = gaussian_process.predict((np.atleast_2d(finex).T), return_std=True)
plt.scatter(xs, fs, zorder=3, s=30)
plt.fill_between(finex, (mu - std), (mu + std), facecolor='grey')
plt.plot(finex, mu, c='w')
plt.errorbar(xs, fs, yerr=errs, ls='none')
plt.xlabel('input')
plt.ylabel('output')
plt.title('uncertainty in likelihood - assumes measurements may be innacruate')
plt.savefig('gp_alpha')
plt.clf()

#################### 

### Aproach 3: Monte Carlo of measurement uncertainty + GP

# - The Gaussian process represents uncertainty in creating the surrogate f(x)

# - The uncertainty in observed inputs can be propogated using Monte Carlo

# - downside: less computationally efficient, no analytic solution for mean or uncertainty

kernel = 1 * RBF(length_scale=9, length_scale_bounds=(10, 1e3))
posterior_history = np.zeros((finex.size, 100 * 50))
for sample in range(100):
   simulatedSamples = fs + np.random.normal(0, errs)
   gaussian_process = GaussianProcessRegressor(kernel=kernel, n_restarts_optimizer=9, normalize_y=True)
   gaussian_process.fit((np.atleast_2d(xs).T), (simulatedSamples))
   posterior_sample = gaussian_process.sample_y((np.atleast_2d(finex).T), 50)
   plt.plot(finex, posterior_sample, c='orange', alpha=0.005)
   posterior_history[:, sample * 50 : (sample + 1) * 50] = posterior_sample
plt.plot(finex, posterior_history.mean(1), c='w')
plt.fill_between(finex, posterior_history.mean(1) - posterior_history.std(1), posterior_history.mean(1) + posterior_history.std(1), facecolor='grey', alpha=1, zorder=5)
plt.scatter(xs, fs, zorder=6, s=30)
plt.errorbar(xs, fs, yerr=errs, ls='none', zorder=6)
plt.xlabel('input')
plt.ylabel('output')
plt.title('Monte Carlo + RBF Gaussian Process. Accurate but expensive.')
plt.savefig('gp_monteCarlo')
plt.clf()

zpgglvta

zpgglvta1#

使用第二种方法,只稍微改变Alpha

kernel = 1 * RBF(length_scale=9, length_scale_bounds=(10, 1e3))
gaussian_process = GaussianProcessRegressor(kernel=kernel, n_restarts_optimizer=9, normalize_y=True, alpha=errs**2)
gaussian_process.fit((np.atleast_2d(xs).T), (fs))
mu, std = gaussian_process.predict((np.atleast_2d(finex).T), return_std=True)

d4so4syb

d4so4syb2#

正如@amance所建议的,你需要对errs求平方--参见this scikit example。然而,得到的平均值和标准差似乎与你的蒙特-卡罗结果并不一致,而且增加校准和路径的数量似乎也不能改善这种情况。我不知道如何解释这种差异。
现在更详细地介绍一下,我又添加了两个Monte-Carlos方法,将它们与修正后的errs**2方法#1(白色噪声内核计数为方法#0)进行比较:方法#2是在核中有误差的蒙特-卡罗方法(就像方法#1一样),方法#3是0误差的蒙特卡罗方法。原始蒙特卡罗方法是从底部开始的第二个图。在最后一个图中,我比较了所有方法(除了方法#0)的平均值和标准差-测量值是相对欧几里得距离。
如您所见,方法1和方法2产生的平均值和标准差几乎相同,方法3的平均值方法#4产生非常不同的平均值和标准偏差,而且路径看起来非常不同--存在某种聚集现象 * 即使我注解掉错误 *。(只有5行,对我来说没有什么明显的)或与模块。
无论哪种方式,似乎方法#1是你需要的!

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from sklearn.gaussian_process import GaussianProcessRegressor
from sklearn.gaussian_process.kernels import RBF, WhiteKernel

# given a set of inputs, x_i, and corresponding outputs, f_i, I want to make a surrogate f(x).

# each f_i is measured with a different instrument, that has a different uncertainty.

xs = np.array([44, 77, 125]) # measured inputs
fs = [8.64, 10.73, 12.13] # measured outputs
errs = np.array([0.1, 0.2, 0.3]) # uncertainty in measured outputs
finex = np.linspace(20, 200, 200) # inputs to predict
finex_T = [[f] for f in finex]
xs_T = [[x] for x in xs]
calibrations, paths = 100, 100
kernel = RBF(length_scale=9, length_scale_bounds=(10, 1e3))

####################################### 

fig, ax = plt.subplots(6)
means, std_devs, titles, posterior_history = [None] * 5, [None] * 5, [None] * 5, [None] * 5

####################################### 

### Approach 1: uncertainty in kernel

# - the kernel is constant and cannot change as a function of the input

# - uncertainty in measurements can be incorporated using a whitenoisekernel

# - the white noise uncertainty can be specified as the average of the observation error

# RBF + whitenoise kernel

gaussian_process = GaussianProcessRegressor(
  kernel=kernel + WhiteKernel(errs.mean(), noise_level_bounds=(errs.mean() - 1e-8, errs.mean() + 1e-8)), 
  n_restarts_optimizer=9, 
  normalize_y=True)
gaussian_process.fit(xs_T, fs)
means[0], std_devs[0] = gaussian_process.predict(finex_T, return_std=True)
titles[0] = 'White Noise Kernel - assumes uniform sensor error'

#################### 

### Approach 2: incorporate measurement uncertainty in the likelihood function

# - the likelihood function can be altered throught the alpha parameter

# - this assumes gaussian uncertainty in the measured input

gaussian_process = GaussianProcessRegressor(kernel=kernel, n_restarts_optimizer=9, normalize_y=True, alpha=errs**2)
gaussian_process.fit(xs_T, fs)
means[1], std_devs[1] = gaussian_process.predict(finex_T, return_std=True)
titles[1] = 'uncertainty in likelihood - assumes measurements may be innacruate'

#################### 

### Test Approach with Errors:

gaussian_process = GaussianProcessRegressor(kernel=kernel, n_restarts_optimizer=9, normalize_y=True, alpha=errs**2)
gaussian_process.fit(xs_T, fs)
posterior_history[2] = gaussian_process.sample_y(finex_T, calibrations * paths)
titles[2] = 'Monte Carlo + RBF Gaussian Process (only one calibration, with errors)'

#################### 

### Test Approach No Errors:

gaussian_process = GaussianProcessRegressor(kernel=kernel, n_restarts_optimizer=9, normalize_y=True)
gaussian_process.fit(xs_T, fs)
posterior_history[3] = gaussian_process.sample_y(finex_T, calibrations * paths)
titles[3] = 'Monte Carlo + RBF Gaussian Process (only one calibration, no errors)'

#################### 

### Approach 3: Monte Carlo of measurement uncertainty + GP

# - The Gaussian process represents uncertainty in creating the surrogate f(x)

# - The uncertainty in observed inputs can be propogated using Monte Carlo

# - downside: less computationally efficient, no analytic solution for mean or uncertainty

posterior_history[4] = np.zeros((finex.size, calibrations * paths))
for sample in range(calibrations):
   gaussian_process = GaussianProcessRegressor(kernel=kernel, n_restarts_optimizer=9, normalize_y=True)
   gaussian_process.fit(xs_T, fs)# + np.random.normal(0, errs**2*0))
   posterior_history[4][:, sample * paths : (sample + 1) * paths] = gaussian_process.sample_y(finex_T, paths)
titles[4] = 'Monte Carlo + RBF Gaussian Process'

for i in range(2, 5):
  means[i], std_devs[i] = posterior_history[i].mean(1), posterior_history[i].std(1)

#################### 

i_j = [[i, j] for i in range(2, 5) for j in range(1, i)]
means_err = [np.linalg.norm(means[i] - means[j]) / np.linalg.norm(means[i] + means[j]) for i, j in i_j]
str_dev_err = [np.linalg.norm(std_devs[i] - std_devs[j]) / np.linalg.norm(std_devs[i] + std_devs[j]) for i, j in i_j]

width = 0.35  # the width of the bars
x = np.arange(len(i_j)) 
rects1 = ax[-1].bar(x - width/2, means_err, width, label='means_err')
rects2 = ax[-1].bar(x + width/2, str_dev_err, width, label='str_dev_err')
ax[-1].set_ylabel('Discrepacies')
ax[-1].set_xticks(x, i_j)

#################### 

for i, ax_ in enumerate(ax[:-1]):
  if posterior_history[i] is not None:
    ax_.plot(finex, posterior_history[i], c='orange', alpha=0.005, zorder=-8)
  ax_.fill_between(finex, (means[i] - 1.96 * std_devs[i]), (means[i] + 1.96 * std_devs[i]), facecolor='grey')
  ax_.plot(finex, means[i], c='w')
  ax_.set_title(titles[i])
  ax_.errorbar(xs, fs, errs, linestyle="None", color="tab:blue", marker=".", markersize=8)
  ax_.set_ylim([6, 17])
  if i == len(ax) - 2:
    ax_.set_xlabel('input')
  else:
    ax_.set_xticks([])
  ax_.set_ylabel('output')

plt.show()

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