看起来（* 根据您的示例数据 *），简单的列表理解应该足够了，只需替换前缀进行比较：

res = [im for im in images if im.replace('ND', 'MA') in masks]

输出（针对示例数据）：

[
 'ND_row_id_4026.png',
 'ND_row_id_7693.png',
 'ND_row_id_5285.png',
 'ND_row_id_1045.png',
 'ND_row_id_2135.png'
]

如果你的列表很大，那么预处理masks数组会更有效率（因为它是两个数组中较小的一个）：

m2 = [ma.replace('MA', 'ND') for ma in masks]
res = [im for im in images if im in m2]

试试这个

images = [image for image in images if image in [x.replace('MA','ND') for x in masks]]

说明：
[...]：生成列表
[image for image in images]：沿着图像列表迭代
... if image in [..]：过滤结果，只返回其他列表中的那些。
[x.replace('MA','ND') for x in masks]：生成列表，其中掩码中的MA被替换为ND

也许这可以帮助你...用set方法写

代码：

import re

images = ['ND_row_id_4026.png',
          'ND_row_id_7693.png',
          'ND_row_id_5285.png',
          'ND_row_id_1045.png',
          'ND_row_id_2135.png',
          'ND_row_id_8155.png',
          'ND_row_id_3135.png']

masks = ['MA_row_id_4026.png',
         'MA_row_id_7693.png',
         'MA_row_id_5285.png',
         'MA_row_id_1045.png',
         'MA_row_id_2135.png']

# Fetching all digits from image file names

forimages = set( j[0] for j in [ re.findall(r'\d+',val) for val in images ])

# Fetching all digits from mask file names

formasks =  set( j[0] for j in [ re.findall(r'\d+',val) for val in masks ])

# Applying intersection logic on digit to get comma digit between both

my_mask_data = [ 'ND_row_id_{0}.png'.format(i) for i in sorted(forimages.intersection(formasks)) ]

# Printing the output

print(my_mask_data)

输出：

['ND_row_id_1045.png', 'ND_row_id_2135.png', 'ND_row_id_4026.png', 'ND_row_id_5285.png', 'ND_row_id_7693.png']

如果你发现上面有任何问题...请随时更改