opengl 面轮廓上的边并非始终正确

i7uq4tfw  于 2022-11-04  发布在  其他
关注(0)|答案(6)|浏览(125)

我使用下面的算法生成四边形，然后将其渲染成这样的轮廓
http://img810.imageshack.us/img810/8530/uhohz.png
从图中可以看出，有时候线条太细，而它们应该总是保持相同的宽度。我的算法找到了第一条线的4顶点，然后下一条线的顶部2顶点是前一条线的底部2顶点。这会创建连接的线条，但似乎并不总是有效。我该如何解决这个问题？
这是我的算法：

void OGLENGINEFUNCTIONS::GenerateLinePoly(const std::vector<std::vector<GLdouble>> &input,
                          std::vector<GLfloat> &output, int width)
 {
     output.clear();

     if(input.size() < 2)
     {
         return;
     }

     int temp;
     float dirlen;
     float perplen;
     POINTFLOAT start;
     POINTFLOAT end;
     POINTFLOAT dir;
     POINTFLOAT ndir;
     POINTFLOAT perp;
     POINTFLOAT nperp;

     POINTFLOAT perpoffset;
     POINTFLOAT diroffset;

     POINTFLOAT p0, p1, p2, p3;

     for(unsigned int i = 0; i < input.size() - 1; ++i)
     {

         start.x = static_cast<float>(input[i][0]);
         start.y = static_cast<float>(input[i][1]);

         end.x = static_cast<float>(input[i + 1][0]);
         end.y = static_cast<float>(input[i + 1][1]);

         dir.x = end.x - start.x;
         dir.y = end.y - start.y;

         dirlen = sqrt((dir.x * dir.x) + (dir.y * dir.y));

         ndir.x = static_cast<float>(dir.x * 1.0 / dirlen);
         ndir.y = static_cast<float>(dir.y * 1.0 / dirlen);

         perp.x = dir.y;
         perp.y = -dir.x;

         perplen = sqrt((perp.x * perp.x) + (perp.y * perp.y));

         nperp.x = static_cast<float>(perp.x * 1.0 / perplen);
         nperp.y = static_cast<float>(perp.y * 1.0 / perplen);

         perpoffset.x = static_cast<float>(nperp.x * width * 0.5);
         perpoffset.y = static_cast<float>(nperp.y * width * 0.5);

         diroffset.x = static_cast<float>(ndir.x * 0 * 0.5);
         diroffset.y = static_cast<float>(ndir.y * 0 * 0.5);

            // p0 = start + perpoffset - diroffset
            // p1 = start - perpoffset - diroffset
            // p2 = end + perpoffset + diroffset
            // p3 = end - perpoffset + diroffset 

         p0.x = start.x + perpoffset.x - diroffset.x;
         p0.y = start.y + perpoffset.y - diroffset.y;

         p1.x = start.x - perpoffset.x - diroffset.x;
         p1.y = start.y - perpoffset.y - diroffset.y;

         if(i > 0)
         {
             temp = (8 * (i - 1));
             p2.x = output[temp + 2];
             p2.y = output[temp + 3];
             p3.x = output[temp + 4];
             p3.y = output[temp + 5];

         }
         else
         {
             p2.x = end.x + perpoffset.x + diroffset.x;
             p2.y = end.y + perpoffset.y + diroffset.y;

             p3.x = end.x - perpoffset.x + diroffset.x;
             p3.y = end.y - perpoffset.y + diroffset.y;
         }

         output.push_back(p2.x);
         output.push_back(p2.y);
         output.push_back(p0.x);
         output.push_back(p0.y);
         output.push_back(p1.x);
         output.push_back(p1.y);
         output.push_back(p3.x);
         output.push_back(p3.y);

     }
 }

编辑：

POINTFLOAT multiply(const POINTFLOAT &a, float b)
 {
     POINTFLOAT result;
     result.x = a.x * b;
     result.y = a.y * b;
     return result;
 }

 POINTFLOAT normalize(const POINTFLOAT &a)
 {
     return multiply(a, 1.0f / sqrt(a.x * a.x + a.y * a.y));
 }

 POINTFLOAT slerp2d( const POINTFLOAT v0, 
                     const POINTFLOAT v1, float t )
 {
     float dot = (v0.x * v1.x + v1.y * v1.y);
     if( dot < -1.0f ) dot = -1.0f;
     if( dot > 1.0f ) dot = 1.0f;

     float theta_0 = acos( dot );
     float theta = theta_0 * t;

     POINTFLOAT v2;
     v2.x = -v0.y;
     v2.y = v0.x;

     POINTFLOAT result;
     result.x = v0.x * cos(theta) + v2.x * sin(theta);
     result.y = v0.y * cos(theta) + v2.y * sin(theta);

     return result;
 }

 void OGLENGINEFUNCTIONS::GenerateLinePoly(const std::vector<std::vector<GLdouble> > &input,
                          std::vector<GLfloat> &output, int width)
 {
     output.clear();

     if(input.size() < 2)
     {
         return;
     }

     float w = width / 2.0f;

     //glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES);
     for( size_t i = 0; i < input.size()-1; ++i )
     {
         POINTFLOAT cur;
         cur.x = input[i][0];
         cur.y = input[i][1];

         POINTFLOAT nxt;
         nxt.x = input[i+1][0];
         nxt.y = input[i+1][1];

         POINTFLOAT b;
         b.x = nxt.x - cur.x;
         b.y = nxt.y - cur.y;

         b = normalize(b);

         POINTFLOAT b_perp;
         b_perp.x = -b.y;
         b_perp.y = b.x;

         POINTFLOAT p0;
         POINTFLOAT p1;
         POINTFLOAT p2;
         POINTFLOAT p3;

         p0.x = cur.x + b_perp.x * w;
         p0.y = cur.y + b_perp.y * w;

         p1.x = cur.x - b_perp.x * w;
         p1.y = cur.y - b_perp.y * w;

         p2.x = nxt.x + b_perp.x * w;
         p2.y = nxt.y + b_perp.y * w;

         p3.x = nxt.x - b_perp.x * w;
         p3.y = nxt.y - b_perp.y * w;

         output.push_back(p0.x);
         output.push_back(p0.y);
         output.push_back(p1.x);
         output.push_back(p1.y);
         output.push_back(p2.x);
         output.push_back(p2.y);

         output.push_back(p2.x);
         output.push_back(p2.y);
         output.push_back(p1.x);
         output.push_back(p1.y);
         output.push_back(p3.x);
         output.push_back(p3.y);

         // only do joins when we have a prv
         if( i == 0 ) continue;

         POINTFLOAT prv;
         prv.x = input[i-1][0];
         prv.y = input[i-1][1];

         POINTFLOAT a;
         a.x = prv.x - cur.x;
         a.y = prv.y - cur.y;

         a = normalize(a);

         POINTFLOAT a_perp;
         a_perp.x = a.y;
         a_perp.y = -a.x;

         float det = a.x * b.y - b.x * a.y;
         if( det > 0 )
         {
             a_perp.x = -a_perp.x;
             a_perp.y = -a_perp.y;

             b_perp.x = -b_perp.x;
             b_perp.y = -b_perp.y;
         }

         // TODO: do inner miter calculation

         // flip around normals and calculate round join points
         a_perp.x = -a_perp.x;
         a_perp.y = -a_perp.y;

         b_perp.x = -b_perp.x;
         b_perp.y = -b_perp.y;

         size_t num_pts = 4;

         std::vector< POINTFLOAT> round( 1 + num_pts + 1 );
         POINTFLOAT nc;
         nc.x = cur.x + (a_perp.x * w);
         nc.y = cur.y + (a_perp.y * w);

         round.front() = nc;

         nc.x = cur.x + (b_perp.x * w);
         nc.y = cur.y + (b_perp.y * w);

         round.back() = nc;

         for( size_t j = 1; j < num_pts+1; ++j )
         {
             float t = (float)j / (float)(num_pts + 1);
             if( det > 0 )
             {
                 POINTFLOAT nin;
                 nin = slerp2d( b_perp, a_perp, 1.0f-t );
                 nin.x *= w;
                 nin.y *= w;

                 nin.x += cur.x;
                 nin.y += cur.y;

                 round[j] = nin;
             }
             else
             {
                 POINTFLOAT nin;
                 nin = slerp2d( a_perp, b_perp, t );
                 nin.x *= w;
                 nin.y *= w;

                 nin.x += cur.x;
                 nin.y += cur.y;

                 round[j] = nin;
             }
         }

         for( size_t j = 0; j < round.size()-1; ++j )
         {

             output.push_back(cur.x);
             output.push_back(cur.y);

             if( det > 0 )
             {
                 output.push_back(round[j + 1].x);
                 output.push_back(round[j + 1].y);
                 output.push_back(round[j].x);
                 output.push_back(round[j].y);
             }
             else
             {

                 output.push_back(round[j].x);
                 output.push_back(round[j].y);

                 output.push_back(round[j + 1].x);
                 output.push_back(round[j + 1].y);
             }
         }
     }
 }
opengl

6条答案

按热度按时间
83qze16e

83qze16e1#

需要编写Eigen，但核心操作应该可以轻松Map到您使用的任何向量类。

// v0 and v1 are normalized
// t can vary between 0 and 1
// http://number-none.com/product/Understanding%20Slerp,%20Then%20Not%20Using%20It/
Vector2f slerp2d( const Vector2f& v0, const Vector2f& v1, float t )
{
    float dot = v0.dot(v1);
    if( dot < -1.0f ) dot = -1.0f;
    if( dot > 1.0f ) dot = 1.0f;

    float theta_0 = acos( dot );
    float theta = theta_0 * t;

    Vector2f v2( -v0.y(), v0.x() );

    return ( v0*cos(theta) + v2*sin(theta) );
}

void glPolyline( const vector<Vector2f>& polyline, float width )
{
    if( polyline.size() < 2 ) return;
    float w = width / 2.0f;

    glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES);
    for( size_t i = 0; i < polyline.size()-1; ++i )
    {
        const Vector2f& cur = polyline[ i ];
        const Vector2f& nxt = polyline[i+1];

        Vector2f b = (nxt - cur).normalized();
        Vector2f b_perp( -b.y(), b.x() );

        Vector2f p0( cur + b_perp*w );
        Vector2f p1( cur - b_perp*w );
        Vector2f p2( nxt + b_perp*w );
        Vector2f p3( nxt - b_perp*w );

        // first triangle
        glVertex2fv( p0.data() );
        glVertex2fv( p1.data() );
        glVertex2fv( p2.data() );
        // second triangle
        glVertex2fv( p2.data() );
        glVertex2fv( p1.data() );
        glVertex2fv( p3.data() );

        // only do joins when we have a prv
        if( i == 0 ) continue;

        const Vector2f& prv = polyline[i-1];
        Vector2f a = (prv - cur).normalized();
        Vector2f a_perp( a.y(), -a.x() );

        float det = a.x()*b.y() - b.x()*a.y();
        if( det > 0 )
        {
            a_perp = -a_perp;
            b_perp = -b_perp;
        }

        // TODO: do inner miter calculation

        // flip around normals and calculate round join points
        a_perp = -a_perp;
        b_perp = -b_perp;

        size_t num_pts = 4;
        vector< Vector2f > round( 1 + num_pts + 1 );
        for( size_t j = 0; j <= num_pts+1; ++j )
        {
            float t = (float)j/(float)(num_pts+1);
            if( det > 0 )
                round[j] = cur + (slerp2d( b_perp, a_perp, 1.0f-t ) * w);
            else
                round[j] = cur + (slerp2d( a_perp, b_perp, t ) * w);
        }

        for( size_t j = 0; j < round.size()-1; ++j )
        {
            glVertex2fv( cur.data() );
            if( det > 0 )
            {
                glVertex2fv( round[j+1].data() );
                glVertex2fv( round[j+0].data() );
            }
            else
            {
                glVertex2fv( round[j+0].data() );
                glVertex2fv( round[j+1].data() );
            }
        }
    }
    glEnd();
}

**编辑：**屏幕截图：

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fcwjkofz

fcwjkofz2#

关于：
1.将每条线向上绘制到角的内侧
1.在每个角上绘制一条与角的Angular 垂直的额外线
就像这样：
alt text http://www.geekops.co.uk/photos/0000-00-02%20%28Forum%20images%29/CorrectAngleDrawing.png
蓝色/红色代表您尝试连接的两条缐条。绿色点缐是您新增的额外缐条，用来平滑边角。上图显示内容会因为尖角而被稍微裁剪。如果这是个问题，您可以将两条连接缐条进一步向外延伸，并将额外缐条绘制得更远。

**[编辑]**我发现了我的建议中的一个缺陷。你有一些凹的部分，这将不会很好地工作。对于这些情况，你会想做一些像画一个倒角边缘代替：

alt text http://www.geekops.co.uk/photos/0000-00-02%20%28Forum%20images%29/CorrectAngleDrawing2.png

**[Edit 2]**我已经对我之前发布的代码做了一些调试。下面的代码应该更用途：

// PolygonOutlineGen.cpp : A small program to calculate 4-point polygons 
// to surround an input polygon.

# include <vector>

# include <math.h>

# include <iostream>

# include <iomanip>

using namespace std;

// Describe some structures etc. so the code will compile without 
// requiring the GL libraries.
typedef double GLdouble;
typedef float GLfloat;
typedef struct POINTFLOAT
{
    float x;
    float y;
} POINTFLOAT;

// A function to generate two coordinates representing the start and end
// of a line perpendicular to start/end, offset by 'width' units.
void GenerateOffsetLineCoords(
    POINTFLOAT start, 
    POINTFLOAT end, 
    int width,
    POINTFLOAT& perpStart,
    POINTFLOAT& perpEnd)
{
    float dirlen;
    POINTFLOAT dir;
    POINTFLOAT ndir;
    POINTFLOAT nperp;
    POINTFLOAT perpoffset;

    // Work out the offset for a parallel line which is space outwards by 'width' units
    dir.x = end.x - start.x;
    dir.y = end.y - start.y;
    dirlen = sqrt((dir.x * dir.x) + (dir.y * dir.y));
    ndir.x = static_cast<float>(dir.x * 1.0 / dirlen);
    ndir.y = static_cast<float>(dir.y * 1.0 / dirlen);
    nperp.x = -ndir.y;
    nperp.y = ndir.x;
    perpoffset.x = static_cast<float>(nperp.x * width);
    perpoffset.y = static_cast<float>(nperp.y * width);

    // Calculate the offset coordinates for the new line
    perpStart.x = start.x + perpoffset.x;
    perpStart.y = start.y + perpoffset.y;
    perpEnd.x = end.x + perpoffset.x;
    perpEnd.y = end.y + perpoffset.y;
}

// Function to generate quads of coordinate pairs to surround the 'input'
// polygon.
void GenerateLinePoly(const std::vector<std::vector<GLdouble>> &input,
    std::vector<GLfloat> &output, int width)
{
    // Make sure we have something to produce an outline for and that it's not contaminated with previous results
    output.clear();
    if(input.size() < 2)
    {
        return;
    }

    // Storage for the pairs of lines which form sections of the outline
    POINTFLOAT line1_start;
    POINTFLOAT line1_end;
    POINTFLOAT line2_start;
    POINTFLOAT line2_end;

    // Storage for the outer edges of the quads we'll be generating
    POINTFLOAT line1offset_start;
    POINTFLOAT line1offset_end;
    POINTFLOAT line2offset_start;
    POINTFLOAT line2offset_end;

    // Storage for the line we'll use to make smooth joints between polygon sections.
    POINTFLOAT joininglineoffset_start;
    POINTFLOAT joininglineoffset_end;

    for(unsigned int i = 0; i < input.size() - 2; ++i)
    {
        // Grab the raw line input for the first line or if we've already done one, just re-use the last results
        if( i == 0 )
        {
            line1_start.x = static_cast<float>(input[i][0]);
            line1_start.y = static_cast<float>(input[i][1]);
            line1_end.x = static_cast<float>(input[i + 1][0]);
            line1_end.y = static_cast<float>(input[i + 1][1]);

            GenerateOffsetLineCoords(line1_start, line1_end, width, line1offset_start, line1offset_end);
        }
        else
        {
            line1_start = line2_start;
            line1offset_start = line2offset_start;
            line1_end = line2_end;
            line1offset_end = line2offset_end;
        }

        // Grab the second line and work out the coords of it's offset 
        line2_start.x = static_cast<float>(input[i+1][0]);
        line2_start.y = static_cast<float>(input[i+1][1]);
        line2_end.x = static_cast<float>(input[i+2][0]);
        line2_end.y = static_cast<float>(input[i+2][1]);
        GenerateOffsetLineCoords(line2_start, line2_end, width, line2offset_start, line2offset_end);

        // Grab the offset for the line which joins the open end
        GenerateOffsetLineCoords(line2offset_start, line1offset_end, width, joininglineoffset_start, joininglineoffset_end);

        // Push line 1 onto the output
        output.push_back(line1_start.x);
        output.push_back(line1_start.y);
        output.push_back(line1_end.x);
        output.push_back(line1_end.y);
        output.push_back(line1offset_end.x);
        output.push_back(line1offset_end.y);
        output.push_back(line1offset_start.x);
        output.push_back(line1offset_start.y);

        // Push the new section onto the output
        output.push_back(line1offset_end.x);
        output.push_back(line1offset_end.y);
        output.push_back(line2offset_start.x);
        output.push_back(line2offset_start.y);
        output.push_back(joininglineoffset_start.x);
        output.push_back(joininglineoffset_start.y);
        output.push_back(joininglineoffset_end.x);
        output.push_back(joininglineoffset_end.y);
    }

    // TODO: Push the remaining line 2 on.

    // TODO: Add one last joining piece between the end and the beginning.
}

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
    // Describe some input data
    std::vector<std::vector<GLdouble>> input;
    std::vector<GLdouble> val1; val1.push_back(010.0); val1.push_back(010.0); input.push_back(val1);
    std::vector<GLdouble> val2; val2.push_back(050.0); val2.push_back(100.0); input.push_back(val2);
    std::vector<GLdouble> val3; val3.push_back(100.0); val3.push_back(100.0); input.push_back(val3);
    std::vector<GLdouble> val4; val4.push_back(010.0); val4.push_back(010.0); input.push_back(val4);

    // Generate the quads required to outline the shape
    std::vector<GLfloat> output;
    GenerateLinePoly(input, output, 5);

    // Dump the output as pairs of coordinates, grouped into the quads they describe
    cout << setiosflags(ios::fixed) << setprecision(1);
    for(unsigned int i=0; i < output.size(); i++)
    {
       if( (i > 0) && ((i)%2==0) ) { cout << endl; }
       if( (i > 0) && ((i)%8==0) ) { cout << endl; }
       cout << setw(7) << output[i];
    }
    cout << endl;
    return 0;
}

...就我所见，它看起来对凸多边形有效：-）

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4ktjp1zp

4ktjp1zp3#

啊，我明白了。这是因为你在重复使用旧的顶点，它们不一定与新的顶点平行。
只需通过一个简单的示例手动完成代码，其中输入点发生了90度的急转弯。旧顶点将平行于dir，而新顶点将垂直。如果线上的点距离足够近，则会出现如图所示的奇怪行为。
没有一个“简单”的解决方案可以获得宽度一致的线条，但是如果你一次只渲染一对线条，效果会更好（例如，摆脱i > 0的情况）。这会给你带来一些难看的尖角，但是你不会得到任何细线。

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vfwfrxfs

vfwfrxfs4#

你要反转第一个线段和其余线段的方向。从输出向量中提取先前值的块应该设置p0和p1点，并且每次都应该基于端点计算p2和p3。
即它应该是：

if(i == 0)
     {
         p0.x = start.x + perpoffset.x - diroffset.x;
         p0.y = start.y + perpoffset.y - diroffset.y;

         p1.x = start.x - perpoffset.x - diroffset.x;
         p1.y = start.y - perpoffset.y - diroffset.y;
     }
     else
     {
         temp = (8 * (i - 1));
         p0.x = output[temp + 0];
         p0.y = output[temp + 1];
         p1.x = output[temp + 6];
         p1.y = output[temp + 7];

     }

     p2.x = end.x + perpoffset.x + diroffset.x;
     p2.y = end.y + perpoffset.y + diroffset.y;

     p3.x = end.x - perpoffset.x + diroffset.x;
     p3.y = end.y - perpoffset.y + diroffset.y;
赞(0）分享  回复(0）举报  2022-11-04
qfe3c7zg

qfe3c7zg5#

您不能在当前线段上使用上一线段的偏移向量-它们垂直于与当前线段无关的对象。最好使用如下相同的偏移：

p0.x = start.x + perpoffset.x;
         p0.y = start.y + perpoffset.y;

         p1.x = start.x - perpoffset.x;
         p1.y = start.y - perpoffset.y;

         p2.x = end.x + perpoffset.x;
         p2.y = end.y + perpoffset.y;

         p3.x = end.x - perpoffset.x;
         p3.y = end.y - perpoffset.y;

然后在每个顶点画一个圆来圆化角。如果圆不是你想要的方式，你必须改变你添加到偏移量的ndir的量--这取决于在一个顶点连接的两个线段，而不仅仅是一个。你需要确定传入和传出偏移线的交叉点。从上面开始，然后用90度或120度的Angular 放大镜头来感受一下。抱歉，现在手边没有公式。
最后，你不需要归一化perp向量，你计算它的方式将产生一个单位向量。

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axkjgtzd

axkjgtzd6#

This code会呈现正确的SVG：

而不是错误的：

它比genpfault的解决方案更简单，优点是要渲染的四边形更少。
这里的每一个联系都被渲染成了乔恩·凯奇答案中的最后一张图片。

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