在matplotlib的3D绘图中将箭头放在矢量上

vu8f3i0k  于 2022-11-15  发布在  其他
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我绘制了一些3D数据的特征向量,想知道目前(已经)有没有一种方法可以把箭头放在线上?如果有人能给我一个提示,那就太棒了。

import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

####################################################
# This part is just for reference if
# you are interested where the data is
# coming from
# The plot is at the bottom
#####################################################

# Generate some example data
mu_vec1 = np.array([0,0,0])
cov_mat1 = np.array([[1,0,0],[0,1,0],[0,0,1]])
class1_sample = np.random.multivariate_normal(mu_vec1, cov_mat1, 20)

mu_vec2 = np.array([1,1,1])
cov_mat2 = np.array([[1,0,0],[0,1,0],[0,0,1]])
class2_sample = np.random.multivariate_normal(mu_vec2, cov_mat2, 20)

# concatenate data for PCA
samples = np.concatenate((class1_sample, class2_sample), axis=0)

# mean values
mean_x = mean(samples[:,0])
mean_y = mean(samples[:,1])
mean_z = mean(samples[:,2])

#eigenvectors and eigenvalues
eig_val, eig_vec = np.linalg.eig(cov_mat)

################################
#plotting eigenvectors
################################    

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(15,15))
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')

ax.plot(samples[:,0], samples[:,1], samples[:,2], 'o', markersize=10, color='green', alpha=0.2)
ax.plot([mean_x], [mean_y], [mean_z], 'o', markersize=10, color='red', alpha=0.5)
for v in eig_vec:
    ax.plot([mean_x, v[0]], [mean_y, v[1]], [mean_z, v[2]], color='red', alpha=0.8, lw=3)
ax.set_xlabel('x_values')
ax.set_ylabel('y_values')
ax.set_zlabel('z_values')

plt.title('Eigenvectors')

plt.draw()
plt.show()
camsedfj

camsedfj1#

要在3D绘图中添加箭头补丁,简单的解决方案是使用/matplotlib/patches.py中定义的FancyArrowPatch类。然而,它只适用于2D绘图(在编写本文档时),因为它的posAposB假定为长度为2的元组。
因此,我们创建了一个新的箭头补丁类,命名为Arrow3D,它继承自FancyArrowPatch。我们只需要覆盖它的posAposB。要做到这一点,我们用posA(0,0)posB初始化Arrow3d。然后使用proj3d.proj_transform()将3D坐标xs, ys, zs从3D投影到2D,并使用.set_position()方法将生成的2D坐标分配给posAposB,替换(0,0)。这样,我们就可以使用3D箭头。
投影步骤进入.draw方法,该方法覆盖FancyArrowPatch对象的.draw方法。
这可能看起来像是一个黑客。然而,mplot3d目前只提供(再次,只提供)简单的3D绘图能力,通过提供3D-2D投影,基本上在2D中完成所有绘图,这并不是真正的3D。

import numpy as np
from numpy import *
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
from matplotlib.patches import FancyArrowPatch
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import proj3d

class Arrow3D(FancyArrowPatch):
    def __init__(self, xs, ys, zs, *args, **kwargs):
        FancyArrowPatch.__init__(self, (0,0), (0,0), *args, **kwargs)
        self._verts3d = xs, ys, zs

    def draw(self, renderer):
        xs3d, ys3d, zs3d = self._verts3d
        xs, ys, zs = proj3d.proj_transform(xs3d, ys3d, zs3d, renderer.M)
        self.set_positions((xs[0],ys[0]),(xs[1],ys[1]))
        FancyArrowPatch.draw(self, renderer)

####################################################
# This part is just for reference if
# you are interested where the data is
# coming from
# The plot is at the bottom
#####################################################

# Generate some example data
mu_vec1 = np.array([0,0,0])
cov_mat1 = np.array([[1,0,0],[0,1,0],[0,0,1]])
class1_sample = np.random.multivariate_normal(mu_vec1, cov_mat1, 20)

mu_vec2 = np.array([1,1,1])
cov_mat2 = np.array([[1,0,0],[0,1,0],[0,0,1]])
class2_sample = np.random.multivariate_normal(mu_vec2, cov_mat2, 20)

实际绘制。注意,我们只需要更改一行代码,即添加一个新的箭头艺术家:

# concatenate data for PCA
samples = np.concatenate((class1_sample, class2_sample), axis=0)

# mean values
mean_x = mean(samples[:,0])
mean_y = mean(samples[:,1])
mean_z = mean(samples[:,2])

#eigenvectors and eigenvalues
eig_val, eig_vec = np.linalg.eig(cov_mat1)

################################
#plotting eigenvectors
################################    

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(15,15))
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')

ax.plot(samples[:,0], samples[:,1], samples[:,2], 'o', markersize=10, color='g', alpha=0.2)
ax.plot([mean_x], [mean_y], [mean_z], 'o', markersize=10, color='red', alpha=0.5)
for v in eig_vec:
    #ax.plot([mean_x,v[0]], [mean_y,v[1]], [mean_z,v[2]], color='red', alpha=0.8, lw=3)
    #I will replace this line with:
    a = Arrow3D([mean_x, v[0]], [mean_y, v[1]], 
                [mean_z, v[2]], mutation_scale=20, 
                lw=3, arrowstyle="-|>", color="r")
    ax.add_artist(a)
ax.set_xlabel('x_values')
ax.set_ylabel('y_values')
ax.set_zlabel('z_values')

plt.title('Eigenvectors')

plt.draw()
plt.show()

请查看引发此问题的this post,了解更多详细信息。

shyt4zoc

shyt4zoc2#

另一个选项:您还可以使用plt.quiver函数,它允许您非常轻松地生成箭头矢量,而无需任何额外的导入或类。
若要复制您的范例,您可以取代:

for v in eig_vec:
    ax.plot([mean_x, v[0]], [mean_y, v[1]], [mean_z, v[2]], color='red', alpha=0.8, lw=3)

与:

for v in eig_vec:
    ax.quiver(
        mean_x, mean_y, mean_z, # <-- starting point of vector
        v[0] - mean_x, v[1] - mean_y, v[2] - mean_z, # <-- directions of vector
        color = 'red', alpha = .8, lw = 3,
    )
gjmwrych

gjmwrych3#

新版本的matplotlib抛出了AttributeError: 'Arrow3D' object has no attribute 'do_3d_projection',但Arrow3D的定义是旧的。这里有几条注解提到了这个问题,但仍然不清楚。你必须添加函数do_3d_projection(),而不再需要draw()。当前代码如下所示:

import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
from matplotlib.patches import FancyArrowPatch
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import proj3d

class Arrow3D(FancyArrowPatch):
    def __init__(self, xs, ys, zs, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__((0,0), (0,0), *args, **kwargs)
        self._verts3d = xs, ys, zs

    def do_3d_projection(self, renderer=None):
        xs3d, ys3d, zs3d = self._verts3d
        xs, ys, zs = proj3d.proj_transform(xs3d, ys3d, zs3d, self.axes.M)
        self.set_positions((xs[0],ys[0]),(xs[1],ys[1]))

        return np.min(zs)

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')
arrow_prop_dict = dict(mutation_scale=20, arrowstyle='-|>', color='k', shrinkA=0, shrinkB=0)
a = Arrow3D([0, 10], [0, 0], [0, 0], **arrow_prop_dict)
ax.add_artist(a)

plt.show()

帮助来自github

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