#!/bin/bash

usage() { echo "Usage: $0 [-s <45|90>] [-p <string>]" 1>&2; exit 1; }

while getopts ":s:p:" o; do
    case "${o}" in
        s)
            s=${OPTARG}
            ((s == 45 || s == 90)) || usage
            ;;
        p)
            p=${OPTARG}
            ;;
        *)
            usage
            ;;
    esac
done
shift $((OPTIND-1))

if [ -z "${s}" ] || [ -z "${p}" ]; then
    usage
fi

echo "s = ${s}"
echo "p = ${p}"

运行示例：

$ ./myscript.sh
Usage: ./myscript.sh [-s <45|90>] [-p <string>]

$ ./myscript.sh -h
Usage: ./myscript.sh [-s <45|90>] [-p <string>]

$ ./myscript.sh -s "" -p ""
Usage: ./myscript.sh [-s <45|90>] [-p <string>]

$ ./myscript.sh -s 10 -p foo
Usage: ./myscript.sh [-s <45|90>] [-p <string>]

$ ./myscript.sh -s 45 -p foo
s = 45
p = foo

$ ./myscript.sh -s 90 -p bar
s = 90
p = bar

原始代码的问题在于：

• h:在不应该的地方需要参数，因此将其更改为h（不带冒号）
• 要得到-p any_string，您需要将p:添加到参数列表中

基本上:在选项之后意味着它需要参数。
getopts的基本语法是（请参见：man bash）：

getopts OPTSTRING VARNAME [ARGS...]

其中：

• OPTSTRING是包含预期参数列表的字符串，
• h-检查不带**参数的-h**选项;在不支持的选项上给出错误;
• h:-检查带有**参数的-h**选项;在不支持的选项上给出错误;
• abc-检查选项-a、-b和-c;在不支持的选项上给出错误;
• :abc-检查选项-a、-b和-c;静默不支持的选项上的错误;

注意：换句话说，选项前的冒号允许您处理代码中的错误。如果选项不受支持，变量将包含?，如果缺少值，变量将包含:。

• OPTARG-设置为当前参数值，
• OPTERR-指示Bash是否应显示错误消息。

因此代码可以是：

#!/usr/bin/env bash
usage() { echo "$0 usage:" && grep " .)\ #" $0; exit 0; }
[ $# -eq 0 ] && usage
while getopts ":hs:p:" arg; do
  case $arg in
    p) # Specify p value.
      echo "p is ${OPTARG}"
      ;;
    s) # Specify strength, either 45 or 90.
      strength=${OPTARG}
      [ $strength -eq 45 -o $strength -eq 90 ] \
        && echo "Strength is $strength." \
        || echo "Strength needs to be either 45 or 90, $strength found instead."
      ;;
    h | *) # Display help.
      usage
      exit 0
      ;;
  esac
done

示例用法：

$ ./foo.sh 
./foo.sh usage:
    p) # Specify p value.
    s) # Specify strength, either 45 or 90.
    h | *) # Display help.
$ ./foo.sh -s 123 -p any_string
Strength needs to be either 45 or 90, 123 found instead.
p is any_string
$ ./foo.sh -s 90 -p any_string
Strength is 90.
p is any_string

查看：Bash Hackers Wiki上的Small getopts tutorial

使用getopt
"为什么要找个顶篷“
解析详细的命令行参数，以避免混淆，并澄清我们正在解析的选项，以便命令的读者可以了解发生了什么。
"什么是getopt"
getopt用于分解（解析）命令行中的选项，以便于shell过程解析，并检查法律的的选项。它使用GNU getopt(3)例程来完成此任务。
getopt可以具有以下类型的选项。
1.无值选项
1.键值对选项
注：在本文档中，在解释语法时：

• 在语法/示例中，[ ]中的任何内容都是可选参数。
• 是一个保持器，这意味着应该用实际值替换它。
  如何使用getopt？

语法：第一种形式

getopt optstring parameters

示例：

# This is correct
getopt "hv:t::" -v 123 -t123  
getopt "hv:t::" -v123 -t123  # -v and 123 doesn't have whitespace

# -h takes no value.
getopt "hv:t::" -h -v123

# This is wrong. after -t can't have whitespace.
# Only optional params cannot have whitespace between key and value
getopt "hv:t::" -v 123 -t 123

# Multiple arguments that takes value.
getopt "h:v:t::g::" -h abc -v 123 -t21

# Multiple arguments without value
# All of these are correct
getopt "hvt" -htv
getopt "hvt" -h -t -v
getopt "hvt" -tv -h

这里的h，v，t是选项，-h -v -t是在命令行中如何给出选项。
1.'h'是无值选项。
1.'v：'表示选项-v有值且为胁迫选项。'：'表示有值。
1.'t：：'表示选项-t有值但为可选。'：：'表示可选。
在可选参数中，value和选项不能有空格分隔。因此，在“-t123”示例中，-t是选项123是值。
语法：第二种形式

getopt [getopt_options] [--] optstring parameters

下面将getopt分为五个部分

• 命令本身，即getopt
• getopt_options，它描述了如何解析参数。单破折号长选项，双破折号选项。
• --，将getopt_options与要解析的选项和允许的短选项分开
• 短选项，在找到--后立即使用。就像Form first语法一样。
• 参数，这些是你传递到程序中的选项，你要解析的选项，并得到它们的实际值。

示例

getopt -l "name:,version::,verbose" -- "n:v::V" --name=Karthik -version=5.2 -verbose

语法：第三种形式

getopt [getopt_options] -o|--options optstring [getopt_options] [--] [parameters]

下面将getopt分为五个部分

• 命令本身，即getopt
• getopt_options，它描述了如何解析参数。单破折号长选项，双破折号选项。
• 短选项，即-o或--options。就像Form first语法一样，但在“--”（双破折号）之前有选项“-o”。
• --，将getopt_options与要解析的选项和允许的短选项分开
• 参数，这些是你传递到程序中的选项，你要解析的选项，并得到它们的实际值。

示例

getopt -l "name:,version::,verbose" -a -o "n:v::V" -- -name=Karthik -version=5.2 -verbose

获取选项

getopt_options更改命令行参数的解析方式。
下面是getopt_options的一些选项
选项：-l或--long选项
表示getopt命令应允许识别多字符选项。多个选项用逗号分隔。
例如，--name=Karthik是在命令行中发送的长选项。

getopt -l "name:,version" -- "" --name=Karthik

由于指定了name：，因此该选项应包含一个值
选项：-a或--替代
表示getopt命令应允许long选项具有单破折号“-”而不是双破折号“--”。
例如，您可以只使用-name=Karthik来代替--name=Karthik

getopt -a -l "name:,version" -- "" -name=Karthik

包含以下代码的完整脚本示例：

#!/bin/bash

# filename: commandLine.sh
# author: @theBuzzyCoder

showHelp() {
# `cat << EOF` This means that cat should stop reading when EOF is detected
cat << EOF  
Usage: ./installer -v <espo-version> [-hrV]
Install Pre-requisites for EspoCRM with docker in Development mode

-h, -help,          --help                  Display help

-v, -espo-version,  --espo-version          Set and Download specific version of EspoCRM

-r, -rebuild,       --rebuild               Rebuild php vendor directory using composer and compiled css using grunt

-V, -verbose,       --verbose               Run script in verbose mode. Will print out each step of execution.

EOF
# EOF is found above and hence cat command stops reading. This is equivalent to echo but much neater when printing out.
}

export version=0
export verbose=0
export rebuilt=0

# $@ is all command line parameters passed to the script.
# -o is for short options like -v
# -l is for long options with double dash like --version
# the comma separates different long options
# -a is for long options with single dash like -version
options=$(getopt -l "help,version:,verbose,rebuild,dryrun" -o "hv:Vrd" -a -- "$@")

# set --:
# If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parameters 
# are set to the arguments, even if some of them begin with a ‘-’.
eval set -- "$options"

while true
do
case "$1" in
-h|--help) 
    showHelp
    exit 0
    ;;
-v|--version) 
    shift
    export version="$1"
    ;;
-V|--verbose)
    export verbose=1
    set -xv  # Set xtrace and verbose mode.
    ;;
-r|--rebuild)
    export rebuild=1
    ;;
--)
    shift
    break;;
esac
shift
done

运行此脚本文件：

# With short options grouped together and long option
# With double dash '--version'

bash commandLine.sh --version=1.0 -rV
# With short options grouped together and long option
# With single dash '-version'

bash commandLine.sh -version=1.0 -rV

# OR with short option that takes value, value separated by whitespace
# by key

bash commandLine.sh -v 1.0 -rV

# OR with short option that takes value, value without whitespace
# separation from key.

bash commandLine.sh -v1.0 -rV

# OR Separating individual short options

bash commandLine.sh -v1.0 -r -V

与getopt打包在一起的示例（我的发行版将其放在/usr/share/getopt/getopt-parse.bash中）看起来涵盖了您的所有情况：

#!/bin/bash

# A small example program for using the new getopt(1) program.
# This program will only work with bash(1)
# An similar program using the tcsh(1) script language can be found
# as parse.tcsh

# Example input and output (from the bash prompt):
# ./parse.bash -a par1 'another arg' --c-long 'wow!*\?' -cmore -b " very long "
# Option a
# Option c, no argument
# Option c, argument 'more'
# Option b, argument ' very long '
# Remaining arguments:
# --> 'par1'
# --> 'another arg'
# --> 'wow!*\?'

# Note that we use `"$@"' to let each command-line parameter expand to a 
# separate word. The quotes around '$@' are essential!
# We need TEMP as the `eval set --' would nuke the return value of getopt.
TEMP=$(getopt -o ab:c:: --long a-long,b-long:,c-long:: \
              -n 'example.bash' -- "$@")

if [ $? != 0 ] ; then echo "Terminating..." >&2 ; exit 1 ; fi

# Note the quotes around '$TEMP': they are essential!
eval set -- "$TEMP"

while true ; do
    case "$1" in
        -a|--a-long) echo "Option a" ; shift ;;
        -b|--b-long) echo "Option b, argument '$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
        -c|--c-long) 
            # c has an optional argument. As we are in quoted mode,
            # an empty parameter will be generated if its optional
            # argument is not found.
            case "$2" in
                "") echo "Option c, no argument"; shift 2 ;;
                *)  echo "Option c, argument '$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
            esac ;;
        --) shift ; break ;;
        *) echo "Internal error!" ; exit 1 ;;
    esac
done
echo "Remaining arguments:"
for arg do echo '--> '"'$arg'" ; done

我知道这个问题已经回答了，但是为了记录在案，也为了和我有同样要求的人，我决定发布这个相关的答案。代码中充斥着解释代码的评论。

更新答案：

将文件保存为getopt.sh：

#!/bin/bash

function get_variable_name_for_option {
    local OPT_DESC=${1}
    local OPTION=${2}
    local VAR=$(echo ${OPT_DESC} | sed -e "s/.*\[\?-${OPTION} \([A-Z_]\+\).*/\1/g" -e "s/.*\[\?-\(${OPTION}\).*/\1FLAG/g")

    if [[ "${VAR}" == "${1}" ]]; then
        echo ""
    else
        echo ${VAR}
    fi
}

function parse_options {
    local OPT_DESC=${1}
    local INPUT=$(get_input_for_getopts "${OPT_DESC}")

    shift
    while getopts ${INPUT} OPTION ${@};
    do
        [ ${OPTION} == "?" ] && usage
        VARNAME=$(get_variable_name_for_option "${OPT_DESC}" "${OPTION}")
            [ "${VARNAME}" != "" ] && eval "${VARNAME}=${OPTARG:-true}" # && printf "\t%s\n" "* Declaring ${VARNAME}=${!VARNAME} -- OPTIONS='$OPTION'"
    done

    check_for_required "${OPT_DESC}"

}

function check_for_required {
    local OPT_DESC=${1}
    local REQUIRED=$(get_required "${OPT_DESC}" | sed -e "s/\://g")
    while test -n "${REQUIRED}"; do
        OPTION=${REQUIRED:0:1}
        VARNAME=$(get_variable_name_for_option "${OPT_DESC}" "${OPTION}")
                [ -z "${!VARNAME}" ] && printf "ERROR: %s\n" "Option -${OPTION} must been set." && usage
        REQUIRED=${REQUIRED:1}
    done
}

function get_input_for_getopts {
    local OPT_DESC=${1}
    echo ${OPT_DESC} | sed -e "s/\([a-zA-Z]\) [A-Z_]\+/\1:/g" -e "s/[][ -]//g"
}

function get_optional {
    local OPT_DESC=${1}
    echo ${OPT_DESC} | sed -e "s/[^[]*\(\[[^]]*\]\)[^[]*/\1/g" -e "s/\([a-zA-Z]\) [A-Z_]\+/\1:/g" -e "s/[][ -]//g"
}

function get_required {
    local OPT_DESC=${1}
    echo ${OPT_DESC} | sed -e "s/\([a-zA-Z]\) [A-Z_]\+/\1:/g" -e "s/\[[^[]*\]//g" -e "s/[][ -]//g"
}

function usage {
    printf "Usage:\n\t%s\n" "${0} ${OPT_DESC}"
    exit 10
}

然后您可以这样使用它：

#!/bin/bash
#
# [ and ] defines optional arguments
#

# location to getopts.sh file
source ./getopt.sh
USAGE="-u USER -d DATABASE -p PASS -s SID [ -a START_DATE_TIME ]"
parse_options "${USAGE}" ${@}

echo ${USER}
echo ${START_DATE_TIME}

旧答案：

我最近需要使用一种通用的方法。我遇到了这个解决方案：

#!/bin/bash
# Option Description:
# -------------------
#
# Option description is based on getopts bash builtin. The description adds a variable name feature to be used
# on future checks for required or optional values.
# The option description adds "=>VARIABLE_NAME" string. Variable name should be UPPERCASE. Valid characters
# are [A-Z_]*.
#
# A option description example:
#   OPT_DESC="a:=>A_VARIABLE|b:=>B_VARIABLE|c=>C_VARIABLE"
#
# -a option will require a value (the colon means that) and should be saved in variable A_VARIABLE.
# "|" is used to separate options description.
# -b option rule applies the same as -a.
# -c option doesn't require a value (the colon absense means that) and its existence should be set in C_VARIABLE
#
#   ~$ echo get_options ${OPT_DESC}
#   a:b:c
#   ~$
#

# Required options 
REQUIRED_DESC="a:=>REQ_A_VAR_VALUE|B:=>REQ_B_VAR_VALUE|c=>REQ_C_VAR_FLAG"

# Optional options (duh)
OPTIONAL_DESC="P:=>OPT_P_VAR_VALUE|r=>OPT_R_VAR_FLAG"

function usage {
    IFS="|"
    printf "%s" ${0}
    for i in ${REQUIRED_DESC};
    do
        VARNAME=$(echo $i | sed -e "s/.*=>//g")
    printf " %s" "-${i:0:1} $VARNAME"
    done

    for i in ${OPTIONAL_DESC};
    do
        VARNAME=$(echo $i | sed -e "s/.*=>//g")
        printf " %s" "[-${i:0:1} $VARNAME]"
    done
    printf "\n"
    unset IFS
    exit
}

# Auxiliary function that returns options characters to be passed
# into 'getopts' from a option description.
# Arguments:
#   $1: The options description (SEE TOP)
#
# Example:
#   OPT_DESC="h:=>H_VAR|f:=>F_VAR|P=>P_VAR|W=>W_VAR"
#   OPTIONS=$(get_options ${OPT_DESC})
#   echo "${OPTIONS}"
#
# Output:
#   "h:f:PW"
function get_options {
    echo ${1} | sed -e "s/\([a-zA-Z]\:\?\)=>[A-Z_]*|\?/\1/g"
}

# Auxiliary function that returns all variable names separated by '|'
# Arguments:
#       $1: The options description (SEE TOP)
#
# Example:
#       OPT_DESC="h:=>H_VAR|f:=>F_VAR|P=>P_VAR|W=>W_VAR"
#       VARNAMES=$(get_values ${OPT_DESC})
#       echo "${VARNAMES}"
#
# Output:
#       "H_VAR|F_VAR|P_VAR|W_VAR"
function get_variables {
    echo ${1} | sed -e "s/[a-zA-Z]\:\?=>\([^|]*\)/\1/g"
}

# Auxiliary function that returns the variable name based on the
# option passed by.
# Arguments:
#   $1: The options description (SEE TOP)
#   $2: The option which the variable name wants to be retrieved
#
# Example:
#   OPT_DESC="h:=>H_VAR|f:=>F_VAR|P=>P_VAR|W=>W_VAR"
#   H_VAR=$(get_variable_name ${OPT_DESC} "h")
#   echo "${H_VAR}"
#
# Output:
#   "H_VAR"
function get_variable_name {
    VAR=$(echo ${1} | sed -e "s/.*${2}\:\?=>\([^|]*\).*/\1/g")
    if [[ ${VAR} == ${1} ]]; then
        echo ""
    else
        echo ${VAR}
    fi
}

# Gets the required options from the required description
REQUIRED=$(get_options ${REQUIRED_DESC})

# Gets the optional options (duh) from the optional description
OPTIONAL=$(get_options ${OPTIONAL_DESC})

# or... $(get_options "${OPTIONAL_DESC}|${REQUIRED_DESC}")

# The colon at starts instructs getopts to remain silent
while getopts ":${REQUIRED}${OPTIONAL}" OPTION
do
    [[ ${OPTION} == ":" ]] && usage
    VAR=$(get_variable_name "${REQUIRED_DESC}|${OPTIONAL_DESC}" ${OPTION})
    [[ -n ${VAR} ]] && eval "$VAR=${OPTARG}"
done

shift $(($OPTIND - 1))

# Checks for required options. Report an error and exits if
# required options are missing.

# Using function version ...
VARS=$(get_variables ${REQUIRED_DESC})
IFS="|"
for VARNAME in $VARS;
do
    [[ -v ${VARNAME} ]] || usage
done
unset IFS

# ... or using IFS Version (no function)
OLDIFS=${IFS}
IFS="|"
for i in ${REQUIRED_DESC};
do
    VARNAME=$(echo $i | sed -e "s/.*=>//g")
    [[ -v ${VARNAME} ]] || usage
    printf "%s %s %s\n" "-${i:0:1}" "${!VARNAME:=present}" "${VARNAME}"
done
IFS=${OLDIFS}

我没有粗略地测试它，所以我可能有一些错误。

POSIX 7示例

还值得检查标准中的示例：http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/getopts.html

aflag=
bflag=
while getopts ab: name
do
    case $name in
    a)    aflag=1;;
    b)    bflag=1
          bval="$OPTARG";;
    ?)   printf "Usage: %s: [-a] [-b value] args\n" $0
          exit 2;;
    esac
done
if [ ! -z "$aflag" ]; then
    printf "Option -a specified\n"
fi
if [ ! -z "$bflag" ]; then
    printf 'Option -b "%s" specified\n' "$bval"
fi
shift $(($OPTIND - 1))
printf "Remaining arguments are: %s\n" "$*"

然后我们可以试试看：

$ sh a.sh
Remaining arguments are: 
$ sh a.sh -a
Option -a specified
Remaining arguments are: 
$ sh a.sh -b
No arg for -b option
Usage: a.sh: [-a] [-b value] args
$ sh a.sh -b myval
Option -b "myval" specified
Remaining arguments are: 
$ sh a.sh -a -b myval
Option -a specified
Option -b "myval" specified
Remaining arguments are: 
$ sh a.sh remain
Remaining arguments are: remain
$ sh a.sh -- -a remain
Remaining arguments are: -a remain

在Ubuntu 17.10中测试，sh为破折号0.5.8。

“getops”和“getopt”非常有限。虽然“getopt”建议不要使用，但它确实提供了较长的选项。而“getopts”只允许使用单个字符选项，如“-a”和“-b”。使用这两个选项都有一些缺点。
所以我写了一个小脚本来代替“getopts”和“getopt”。这是一个开始，它可能会得到很大的改进。

2020年4月8日更新：我添加了对连字符的支持，例如“--package-name”。

用法：“./script.sh软件包安装--软件包“名称中带空格”--生成--存档”

# Example:
# parseArguments "${@}"
# echo "${ARG_0}" -> package
# echo "${ARG_1}" -> install
# echo "${ARG_PACKAGE}" -> "name with space"
# echo "${ARG_BUILD}" -> 1 (true)
# echo "${ARG_ARCHIVE}" -> 1 (true)
function parseArguments() {
  PREVIOUS_ITEM=''
  COUNT=0
  for CURRENT_ITEM in "${@}"
  do
    if [[ ${CURRENT_ITEM} == "--"* ]]; then
      printf -v "ARG_$(formatArgument "${CURRENT_ITEM}")" "%s" "1" # could set this to empty string and check with [ -z "${ARG_ITEM-x}" ] if it's set, but empty.
    else
      if [[ $PREVIOUS_ITEM == "--"* ]]; then
        printf -v "ARG_$(formatArgument "${PREVIOUS_ITEM}")" "%s" "${CURRENT_ITEM}"
      else
        printf -v "ARG_${COUNT}" "%s" "${CURRENT_ITEM}"
      fi
    fi

    PREVIOUS_ITEM="${CURRENT_ITEM}"
    (( COUNT++ ))
  done
}

# Format argument.
function formatArgument() {
  ARGUMENT="${1^^}" # Capitalize.
  ARGUMENT="${ARGUMENT/--/}" # Remove "--".
  ARGUMENT="${ARGUMENT//-/_}" # Replace "-" with "_".
  echo "${ARGUMENT}"
}

把Mark G.注解中的一行代码（在Adrian Frühwirth's answer下）变成一个更易读的答案--这展示了如何避免使用getops来获得 * 可选参数 *：

usage() { 
    printf "Usage: %s <req> [<-s|--sopt> <45|90>] [<-p|--popt> <string>]\n" "$0"; 
    return 1; 
}; 

main() { 
    req="${1:?$(usage)}";
    shift; 
    s="";
    p="";
    while [ "$#" -ge 1 ]; do
        case "$1" in 
            -s|--sopt) 
                shift;
                s="${1:?$(usage)}";
                [ "$s" -eq 45 ] || [ "$s" -eq 90 ] || { 
                    usage; 
                    return 1; 
                } 
                ;; 
            -p|--popt) 
                shift; 
                p="${1:?$(usage)}" 
                ;; 
            *) 
                usage;
                return 1 
                ;; 
        esac; 
        shift;
    done; 
    printf "req = %s\ns = %s\np = %s\n" "$req" "$s" "$p"; 
};

main "$@"

正如N.卡约的评论中所指出的：
如果选项和它们的参数之间没有空格，它将失败。
但是，为了使它更符合POSIX（来自Mark G.的其他评论）：

case "$1" in 
            -s*)
                s=${1#-s}; 
                if [ -z "$s" ]; 
                    shift; 
                    s=$1; 
                fi