使用JSONEncoder对符合协议的类型数组进行编码/解码

l5tcr1uw  于 2022-11-26  发布在  其他
关注(0)|答案(5)|浏览(119)

我正在尝试使用Swift 4中新的JSONDecoder/Encoder来找到对符合Swift协议的结构体数组进行编码/解码的最佳方法。
我编了一个小例子来说明这个问题：
首先，我们有一个协议标签和一些符合该协议的类型。

protocol Tag: Codable {
    var type: String { get }
    var value: String { get }
}

struct AuthorTag: Tag {
    let type = "author"
    let value: String
}

struct GenreTag: Tag {
    let type = "genre"
    let value: String
}

然后我们有一个Type Article，它有一个标签数组。

struct Article: Codable {
    let tags: [Tag]
    let title: String
}

最后对文章进行编码或解码

let article = Article(tags: [AuthorTag(value: "Author Tag Value"), GenreTag(value:"Genre Tag Value")], title: "Article Title")

let jsonEncoder = JSONEncoder()
let jsonData = try jsonEncoder.encode(article)
let jsonString = String(data: jsonData, encoding: .utf8)

这是我喜欢的JSON结构。

{
 "title": "Article Title",
 "tags": [
     {
       "type": "author",
       "value": "Author Tag Value"
     },
     {
       "type": "genre",
       "value": "Genre Tag Value"
     }
 ]
}

问题是，在某些时候，我必须打开type属性来解码数组，但要解码数组，我必须知道它的类型。

编辑：

我很清楚为什么Decodable不能开箱即用，但至少Encodable应该可以工作。下面修改的文章结构编译，但崩溃与以下错误信息。

fatal error: Array<Tag> does not conform to Encodable because Tag does not conform to Encodable.: file /Library/Caches/com.apple.xbs/Sources/swiftlang/swiftlang-900.0.43/src/swift/stdlib/public/core/Codable.swift, line 3280

struct Article: Encodable {
    let tags: [Tag]
    let title: String

    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case tags
        case title
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
        try container.encode(tags, forKey: .tags)
        try container.encode(title, forKey: .title)
    }
}

let article = Article(tags: [AuthorTag(value: "Author Tag"), GenreTag(value:"A Genre Tag")], title: "A Title")

let jsonEncoder = JSONEncoder()
let jsonData = try jsonEncoder.encode(article)
let jsonString = String(data: jsonData, encoding: .utf8)

这是Codeable.swift中的相关部分

guard Element.self is Encodable.Type else {
    preconditionFailure("\(type(of: self)) does not conform to Encodable because \(Element.self) does not conform to Encodable.")
}

来源：https://github.com/apple/swift/blob/master/stdlib/public/core/Codable.swift

JSON

5条答案

按热度按时间
bfnvny8b

bfnvny8b1#

第一个示例无法编译（第二个示例崩溃）的原因是protocols don't conform to themselves-Tag不是符合Codable的类型，因此[Tag]也不是。因此Article没有自动生成Codable一致性，因为它的属性并不都符合Codable。

只对协议中列出的属性进行编码和解码

如果您只想对协议中列出的属性进行编码和解码，一种解决方案是使用AnyTag类型擦除器，它只保存这些属性，然后可以提供Codable一致性。
然后，您可以让Article保存此类型擦除 Package 器的数组，而不是Tag的数组：

struct AnyTag : Tag, Codable {

    let type: String
    let value: String

    init(_ base: Tag) {
        self.type = base.type
        self.value = base.value
    }
}

struct Article: Codable {
    let tags: [AnyTag]
    let title: String
}

let tags: [Tag] = [
    AuthorTag(value: "Author Tag Value"),
    GenreTag(value:"Genre Tag Value")
]

let article = Article(tags: tags.map(AnyTag.init), title: "Article Title")

let jsonEncoder = JSONEncoder()
jsonEncoder.outputFormatting = .prettyPrinted

let jsonData = try jsonEncoder.encode(article)

if let jsonString = String(data: jsonData, encoding: .utf8) {
    print(jsonString)
}

它输出以下JSON字符串：

{
  "title" : "Article Title",
  "tags" : [
    {
      "type" : "author",
      "value" : "Author Tag Value"
    },
    {
      "type" : "genre",
      "value" : "Genre Tag Value"
    }
  ]
}

并且可以如下解码：

let decoded = try JSONDecoder().decode(Article.self, from: jsonData)

print(decoded)

// Article(tags: [
//                 AnyTag(type: "author", value: "Author Tag Value"),
//                 AnyTag(type: "genre", value: "Genre Tag Value")
//               ], title: "Article Title")

对符合类型的所有属性进行编码和解码

但是，如果需要对给定Tag一致类型的 every 属性进行编码和解码，则可能希望以某种方式将类型信息存储在JSON中。
我将使用enum来执行此操作：

enum TagType : String, Codable {

    // be careful not to rename these – the encoding/decoding relies on the string
    // values of the cases. If you want the decoding to be reliant on case
    // position rather than name, then you can change to enum TagType : Int.
    // (the advantage of the String rawValue is that the JSON is more readable)
    case author, genre

    var metatype: Tag.Type {
        switch self {
        case .author:
            return AuthorTag.self
        case .genre:
            return GenreTag.self
        }
    }
}

这比仅仅使用普通字符串来表示类型要好，因为编译器可以检查我们是否为每种情况提供了一个元类型。
然后，您只需要更改Tag协议，使其要求一致类型实现描述其类型的static属性：

protocol Tag : Codable {
    static var type: TagType { get }
    var value: String { get }
}

struct AuthorTag : Tag {

    static var type = TagType.author
    let value: String

    var foo: Float
}

struct GenreTag : Tag {

    static var type = TagType.genre
    let value: String

    var baz: String
}

然后，我们需要调整类型擦除 Package 器的实现，以便对TagType沿着基Tag进行编码和解码：

struct AnyTag : Codable {

    var base: Tag

    init(_ base: Tag) {
        self.base = base
    }

    private enum CodingKeys : CodingKey {
        case type, base
    }

    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)

        let type = try container.decode(TagType.self, forKey: .type)
        self.base = try type.metatype.init(from: container.superDecoder(forKey: .base))
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)

        try container.encode(type(of: base).type, forKey: .type)
        try base.encode(to: container.superEncoder(forKey: .base))
    }
}

我们使用了一个超级编码器/解码器，以确保给定的一致类型的属性键不会与用于编码该类型的键冲突。例如，编码后的JSON将如下所示：

{
  "type" : "author",
  "base" : {
    "value" : "Author Tag Value",
    "foo" : 56.7
  }
}

但是，如果您知道不会有冲突，并且希望属性在与“type”键 * 相同 * 的级别上进行编码/解码，则JSON如下所示：

{
  "type" : "author",
  "value" : "Author Tag Value",
  "foo" : 56.7
}

在上面的代码中，可以传递decoder而不是container.superDecoder(forKey: .base)，也可以传递encoder而不是container.superEncoder(forKey: .base)。
作为一个 * 可选 * 的步骤，我们可以定制Article的Codable实现，这样我们就可以提供自己的实现，在编码之前将[Tag]装箱到[AnyTag]中，然后解装箱以进行解码，而不是依赖于自动生成的与[AnyTag]类型的tags属性的一致性：

struct Article {

    let tags: [Tag]
    let title: String

    init(tags: [Tag], title: String) {
        self.tags = tags
        self.title = title
    }
}

extension Article : Codable {

    private enum CodingKeys : CodingKey {
        case tags, title
    }

    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {

        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)

        self.tags = try container.decode([AnyTag].self, forKey: .tags).map { $0.base }
        self.title = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .title)
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)

        try container.encode(tags.map(AnyTag.init), forKey: .tags)
        try container.encode(title, forKey: .title)
    }
}

这样我们就可以让tags属性的类型为[Tag]，而不是[AnyTag]。
现在，我们可以对TagType枚举中列出的任何Tag兼容类型进行编码和解码：

let tags: [Tag] = [
    AuthorTag(value: "Author Tag Value", foo: 56.7),
    GenreTag(value:"Genre Tag Value", baz: "hello world")
]

let article = Article(tags: tags, title: "Article Title")

let jsonEncoder = JSONEncoder()
jsonEncoder.outputFormatting = .prettyPrinted

let jsonData = try jsonEncoder.encode(article)

if let jsonString = String(data: jsonData, encoding: .utf8) {
    print(jsonString)
}

输出JSON字符串：

{
  "title" : "Article Title",
  "tags" : [
    {
      "type" : "author",
      "base" : {
        "value" : "Author Tag Value",
        "foo" : 56.7
      }
    },
    {
      "type" : "genre",
      "base" : {
        "value" : "Genre Tag Value",
        "baz" : "hello world"
      }
    }
  ]
}

然后可以如下解码：

let decoded = try JSONDecoder().decode(Article.self, from: jsonData)

print(decoded)

// Article(tags: [
//                 AuthorTag(value: "Author Tag Value", foo: 56.7000008),
//                 GenreTag(value: "Genre Tag Value", baz: "hello world")
//               ],
//         title: "Article Title")
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ubof19bj

ubof19bj2#

受到@Hamish回答的启发。我发现他的方法是合理的，但有几点可以改进：
1.将数组[Tag]Map到Article中的[AnyTag]，以及从ArticleMap数组[Tag]，使我们无法自动生成Codable一致性
1.基类的数组编码不可能使用相同的代码，因为static var type不能在子类中被覆盖。（例如，如果Tag是AuthorTag和GenreTag的超类）
1.最重要的是，此代码不能重用于另一个类型，您需要创建新的AnyAnotherType Package 器及其内部编码。
我提出了稍微不同解决方案，不是 Package 数组的每个元素，而是可以对整个数组进行 Package ：

struct MetaArray<M: Meta>: Codable, ExpressibleByArrayLiteral {

    let array: [M.Element]

    init(_ array: [M.Element]) {
        self.array = array
    }

    init(arrayLiteral elements: M.Element...) {
        self.array = elements
    }

    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case metatype
        case object
    }

    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        var container = try decoder.unkeyedContainer()

        var elements: [M.Element] = []
        while !container.isAtEnd {
            let nested = try container.nestedContainer(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
            let metatype = try nested.decode(M.self, forKey: .metatype)

            let superDecoder = try nested.superDecoder(forKey: .object)
            let object = try metatype.type.init(from: superDecoder)
            if let element = object as? M.Element {
                elements.append(element)
            }
        }
        array = elements
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.unkeyedContainer()
        try array.forEach { object in
            let metatype = M.metatype(for: object)
            var nested = container.nestedContainer(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
            try nested.encode(metatype, forKey: .metatype)
            let superEncoder = nested.superEncoder(forKey: .object)

            let encodable = object as? Encodable
            try encodable?.encode(to: superEncoder)
        }
    }
}

其中Meta是通用协议：

protocol Meta: Codable {
    associatedtype Element

    static func metatype(for element: Element) -> Self
    var type: Decodable.Type { get }
}

现在，存储标记将如下所示：

enum TagMetatype: String, Meta {

    typealias Element = Tag

    case author
    case genre

    static func metatype(for element: Tag) -> TagMetatype {
        return element.metatype
    }

    var type: Decodable.Type {
        switch self {
        case .author: return AuthorTag.self
        case .genre: return GenreTag.self
        }
    }
}

struct AuthorTag: Tag {
    var metatype: TagMetatype { return .author } // keep computed to prevent auto-encoding
    let value: String
}

struct GenreTag: Tag {
    var metatype: TagMetatype { return .genre } // keep computed to prevent auto-encoding
    let value: String
}

struct Article: Codable {
    let title: String
    let tags: MetaArray<TagMetatype>
}

结果JSON：

let article = Article(title: "Article Title",
                      tags: [AuthorTag(value: "Author Tag Value"),
                             GenreTag(value:"Genre Tag Value")])

{
  "title" : "Article Title",
  "tags" : [
    {
      "metatype" : "author",
      "object" : {
        "value" : "Author Tag Value"
      }
    },
    {
      "metatype" : "genre",
      "object" : {
        "value" : "Genre Tag Value"
      }
    }
  ]
}

如果您希望JSON看起来更漂亮：

{
  "title" : "Article Title",
  "tags" : [
    {
      "author" : {
        "value" : "Author Tag Value"
      }
    },
    {
      "genre" : {
        "value" : "Genre Tag Value"
      }
    }
  ]
}

添加到Meta协议

protocol Meta: Codable {
    associatedtype Element
    static func metatype(for element: Element) -> Self
    var type: Decodable.Type { get }

    init?(rawValue: String)
    var rawValue: String { get }
}

并将CodingKeys替换为：

struct MetaArray<M: Meta>: Codable, ExpressibleByArrayLiteral {

    let array: [M.Element]

    init(array: [M.Element]) {
        self.array = array
    }

    init(arrayLiteral elements: M.Element...) {
        self.array = elements
    }

    struct ElementKey: CodingKey {
        var stringValue: String
        init?(stringValue: String) {
            self.stringValue = stringValue
        }

        var intValue: Int? { return nil }
        init?(intValue: Int) { return nil }
    }

    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        var container = try decoder.unkeyedContainer()

        var elements: [M.Element] = []
        while !container.isAtEnd {
            let nested = try container.nestedContainer(keyedBy: ElementKey.self)
            guard let key = nested.allKeys.first else { continue }
            let metatype = M(rawValue: key.stringValue)
            let superDecoder = try nested.superDecoder(forKey: key)
            let object = try metatype?.type.init(from: superDecoder)
            if let element = object as? M.Element {
                elements.append(element)
            }
        }
        array = elements
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.unkeyedContainer()
        try array.forEach { object in
            var nested = container.nestedContainer(keyedBy: ElementKey.self)
            let metatype = M.metatype(for: object)
            if let key = ElementKey(stringValue: metatype.rawValue) {
                let superEncoder = nested.superEncoder(forKey: key)
                let encodable = object as? Encodable
                try encodable?.encode(to: superEncoder)
            }
        }
    }
}
赞(0）分享  回复(0）举报  2022-11-26
ncecgwcz

ncecgwcz3#

从这个被接受的答案中，我得到了下面的代码，可以粘贴到Xcode Playground中。
输出如下所示，* 没有 * 已接受答案中提到的嵌套。

ORIGINAL:
▿ __lldb_expr_33.Parent
  - title: "Parent Struct"
  ▿ items: 2 elements
    ▿ __lldb_expr_33.NumberItem
      - commonProtocolString: "common string from protocol"
      - numberUniqueToThisStruct: 42
    ▿ __lldb_expr_33.StringItem
      - commonProtocolString: "protocol member string"
      - stringUniqueToThisStruct: "a random string"

ENCODED TO JSON:
{
  "title" : "Parent Struct",
  "items" : [
    {
      "type" : "numberItem",
      "numberUniqueToThisStruct" : 42,
      "commonProtocolString" : "common string from protocol"
    },
    {
      "type" : "stringItem",
      "stringUniqueToThisStruct" : "a random string",
      "commonProtocolString" : "protocol member string"
    }
  ]
}

DECODED FROM JSON:
▿ __lldb_expr_33.Parent
  - title: "Parent Struct"
  ▿ items: 2 elements
    ▿ __lldb_expr_33.NumberItem
      - commonProtocolString: "common string from protocol"
      - numberUniqueToThisStruct: 42
    ▿ __lldb_expr_33.StringItem
      - commonProtocolString: "protocol member string"
      - stringUniqueToThisStruct: "a random string"

粘贴到您的Xcode项目或Playground中，并根据您的喜好自定：

import Foundation

struct Parent: Codable {
    let title: String
    let items: [Item]

    init(title: String, items: [Item]) {
        self.title = title
        self.items = items
    }

    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case title
        case items
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)

        try container.encode(title, forKey: .title)
        try container.encode(items.map({ AnyItem($0) }), forKey: .items)
    }

    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)

        title = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .title)
        items = try container.decode([AnyItem].self, forKey: .items).map { $0.item }
    }

}

protocol Item: Codable {
    static var type: ItemType { get }

    var commonProtocolString: String { get }
}

enum ItemType: String, Codable {

    case numberItem
    case stringItem

    var metatype: Item.Type {
        switch self {
        case .numberItem: return NumberItem.self
        case .stringItem: return StringItem.self
        }
    }
}

struct NumberItem: Item {
    static var type = ItemType.numberItem

    let commonProtocolString = "common string from protocol"
    let numberUniqueToThisStruct = 42
}

struct StringItem: Item {
    static var type = ItemType.stringItem

    let commonProtocolString = "protocol member string"
    let stringUniqueToThisStruct = "a random string"
}

struct AnyItem: Codable {

    var item: Item

    init(_ item: Item) {
        self.item = item
    }

    private enum CodingKeys : CodingKey {
        case type
        case item
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)

        try container.encode(type(of: item).type, forKey: .type)
        try item.encode(to: encoder)
    }

    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)

        let type = try container.decode(ItemType.self, forKey: .type)
        self.item = try type.metatype.init(from: decoder)
    }

}

func testCodableProtocol() {
    var items = [Item]()
    items.append(NumberItem())
    items.append(StringItem())
    let parent = Parent(title: "Parent Struct", items: items)

    print("ORIGINAL:")
    dump(parent)
    print("")

    let jsonEncoder = JSONEncoder()
    jsonEncoder.outputFormatting = .prettyPrinted
    let jsonData = try! jsonEncoder.encode(parent)
    let jsonString = String(data: jsonData, encoding: .utf8)!
    print("ENCODED TO JSON:")
    print(jsonString)
    print("")

    let jsonDecoder = JSONDecoder()
    let decoded = try! jsonDecoder.decode(type(of: parent), from: jsonData)
    print("DECODED FROM JSON:")
    dump(decoded)
    print("")
}
testCodableProtocol()
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zu0ti5jz

zu0ti5jz4#

为什么不对标记的类型使用枚举？

struct Tag: Codable {
  let type: TagType
  let value: String

  enum TagType: String, Codable {
    case author
    case genre
  }
}

然后你可以像try? JSONEncoder().encode(tag)那样编码或者像let tags = try? JSONDecoder().decode([Tag].self, from: jsonData)那样解码，并且做任何类型的处理，比如按类型过滤标签。你也可以对Article结构体做同样的处理：

struct Tag: Codable {
    let type: TagType
    let value: String

    enum TagType: String, Codable {
        case author
        case genre
    }
}

struct Article: Codable {
    let tags: [Tag]
    let title: String

    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case tags
        case title
    }
}
赞(0）分享  回复(0）举报  2022-11-26
uqdfh47h

uqdfh47h5#

我从@Hamish那里得到了一个公认的答案，这个答案很棒，我把它概括了一下。也许对其他人有用，所以把它贴在这里...
首先，设置类似于AnyTag和TagType的可重用类型。

protocol ConcreteTypeID: Codable {
    var concreteType: any CodableExistential.Type { get }
}

protocol CodableExistential: Codable {
    associatedtype TypeID: ConcreteTypeID
    var concreteTypeId: TypeID { get }
}

struct ExistentialBox<TypeID: ConcreteTypeID>: Codable {
    var existential: any CodableExistential
    
    private enum CodingKey: Swift.CodingKey {
        case concreteTypeId
    }
    
    init(_ existential: any CodableExistential) {
        self.existential = existential
    }
    
    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKey.self)
        let type = try container.decode(TypeID.self, forKey: .concreteTypeId)
        self.existential = try type.concreteType.init(from: decoder)
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKey.self)
        try container.encode(existential.concreteTypeId, forKey: .concreteTypeId)
        try existential.encode(to: encoder)
    }
}

现在让你的具体类型利用这些。

protocol Vehicle: CodableExistential {
    var maker: String { get }
}

struct Car: Vehicle {
    var concreteTypeId: VehicleTypeID { .car }
    var maker: String
    var numberOfPassengers: Int
}

struct Truck: Vehicle {
    var concreteTypeId: VehicleTypeID { .truck }
    var maker: String
}

enum VehicleTypeID: ConcreteTypeID {
    case car, truck
    var concreteType: any CodableExistential.Type {
        switch self {
        case .car:
            return Car.self
        case .truck:
            return Truck.self
        }
    }
}

最后，对类型进行编码/解码。

struct Fleet: Codable {
    var vehicles: [any Vehicle]
    
    enum CodingKey: Swift.CodingKey { case vehicles }
    
    init(vehicles: [any Vehicle]) {
        self.vehicles = vehicles
    }

    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKey.self)
        let boxes = try container.decode([ExistentialBox<VehicleTypeID>].self, forKey: .vehicles)
        vehicles = boxes.map { $0.existential as! any Vehicle }
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKey.self)
        let boxes = vehicles.map { ExistentialBox<VehicleTypeID>($0) }
        try container.encode(boxes, forKey: .vehicles)
    }
}

let fleet = Fleet(vehicles: [Car(maker: "Toyota", numberOfPassengers: 2), Truck(maker: "Mack")])
let data = try JSONEncoder().encode(fleet)
let unpackedFleet = try JSONDecoder().decode(Fleet.self, from: data)

我对Fleet的解码方法中使用的转换不是很满意，但是试图通过改变泛型来避免这种情况的尝试遇到了经典的错误，比如“任何车辆都不能符合车辆”。如果有人能找到更好的方法，我很乐意听到它。

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