我想到的最好的办法是：

await expect(
  screen.findByText("Value is -1", {}, { timeout: 100 })
).rejects.toThrow();

它尝试查找文本，等待超时（从默认的1秒减少到100毫秒，以加快测试速度），然后拒绝expect捕获的文本。如果文本 * 是 * 存在，则findByText调用将解析，因此expect将拒绝，测试将失败（不要忘记awaitexpect）。
此模式可以使用waitFor扩展到其他Assert：

await expect(
  waitFor(
    () => { expect(screen.getByRole('input')).toHaveValue(-1); },
    { timeout: 100 }
  )
).rejects.toThrow();

虽然这是可行的，但它有点复杂，特别是waitFor表单。我觉得这仍然可以改进，所以如果你有任何建议，请插话。

采用Tamlyn's excellent self-answer中提出的概念，我将其外推到一个名为verifyNeverOccurs的实用程序中，该实用程序与Testing Library的waitFor具有相同的签名，但只有在您发送给它的回调Assert通过时才会失败：

import { waitFor, waitForOptions } from '@testing-library/react';

/**
 * Inverse of RTL's `waitFor`; used to verify that a thing does *not* occur. 
 * Useful for situations in which verifying that some effect did occur would
 * require using `await waitFor()` and you need to test that the effect does
 * not occur. Like `waitFor`, it must be `await`ed.
 * @param {function} negativeAssertionFn - a callback function that expects a thing you do _not_ expect will occur
 * @param {Object} options - options object with same shape as `waitFor`'s options argument (ultimately just passed through to `waitFor`)
 * @return {void}
 */

const verifyNeverOccurs = async (negativeAssertionFn: () => unknown, options?: waitForOptions) => {
  await expect(
    waitFor(negativeAssertionFn, options),
  ).rejects.toThrow();
};

export default verifyNeverOccurs;

(This是在TypeScript中，但如果您希望在普通JS中使用，则可以随时剥离类型）。
示例用法：

// fails if `element` ever contains the text "oh no"
verifyNeverOccurs(() => expect(element).toHaveTextContent('oh no'));