GetFontResourceInfoundocumented函数可以从字体文件中获取字体名称。
试用此示例

{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}

{$R *.res}

uses
  Windows,
  SysUtils;

function GetFontResourceInfo(lpszFilename: PChar; var cbBuffer: DWORD; lpBuffer: PChar; dwQueryType: DWORD): DWORD; stdcall; external 'gdi32.dll' name 'GetFontResourceInfoW';

procedure ListFonts;
const
  QFR_DESCRIPTION  =1;
var
  FileRec : TSearchRec;
  cbBuffer : DWORD;
  lpBuffer: array[0..MAX_PATH-1] of Char;
begin
  if FindFirst('C:\Windows\Fonts\*.*', faNormal, FileRec) = 0 then
  try
    repeat
      cbBuffer:=SizeOf(lpBuffer);
      GetFontResourceInfo(PWideChar('C:\Windows\Fonts\'+FileRec.Name), cbBuffer, lpBuffer, QFR_DESCRIPTION);
      Writeln(Format('%s - %s',[FileRec.Name ,lpBuffer]));
    until FindNext(FileRec) <> 0;
  finally
    FindClose(FileRec);
  end;
end;

begin
  try
   ListFonts;
  except
    on E: Exception do
      Writeln(E.ClassName, ': ', E.Message);
  end;
  Readln;
end.

关于您的第二个问题，请将这一行

while pEnumList.Next(0, pidChild, b) = 0 do

与

while pEnumList.Next(0, pidChild, celtFetched) = 0 do

我从一个德国 Delphi 论坛上得到这个。它在Delphi 7 Enterprise上工作。

function GetFontNameFromFile(FontFile: WideString): string;
type
  TGetFontResourceInfoW = function(Name: PWideChar; var BufSize: Cardinal;
    Buffer: Pointer; InfoType: Cardinal): LongBool; stdcall;
var
  GFRI: TGetFontResourceInfoW;
  AddFontRes, I: Integer;
  LogFont: array of TLogFontW;
  lfsz: Cardinal;
  hFnt: HFONT;
begin
  GFRI := GetProcAddress(GetModuleHandle('gdi32.dll'), 'GetFontResourceInfoW');
  if @GFRI = nil then
    raise Exception.Create('GetFontResourceInfoW in gdi32.dll not found.');

  if LowerCase(ExtractFileExt(FontFile)) = '.pfm' then
    FontFile := FontFile + '|' + ChangeFileExt(FontFile, '.pfb');

  AddFontRes := AddFontResourceW(PWideChar(FontFile));
  try
    if AddFontRes > 0 then
      begin
        SetLength(LogFont, AddFontRes);
        lfsz := AddFontRes * SizeOf(TLogFontW);
        if not GFRI(PWideChar(FontFile), lfsz, @LogFont[0], 2) then
          raise Exception.Create('GetFontResourceInfoW failed.');

        AddFontRes := lfsz div SizeOf(TLogFont);
        for I := 0 to AddFontRes - 1 do
          begin
            hFnt := CreateFontIndirectW(LogFont[I]);
            try
              Result := LogFont[I].lfFaceName;
            finally
              DeleteObject(hFnt);
            end;
          end; // for I := 0 to AddFontRes - 1
      end; // if AddFontRes > 0
  finally
    RemoveFontResourceW(PWideChar(FontFile));
  end;
end;

procedure TMainForm.btnFontInfoClick(Sender: TObject);
begin
  if OpenDialog1.Execute then
    MessageDlg(Format('The font name of %s is'#13#10'%s.', [OpenDialog1.FileName,
      GetFontNameFromFile(OpenDialog1.FileName)]), mtInformation, [mbOK], 0);
end;

下面是对RRUZ答案的修改，它的好处是你可以枚举和查找任何目录中的字体名称，而不一定只是C：\Windows中安装的字体。诀窍是在用GetFontResourceInfoW处理每个字体文件之前调用AddFontResource（之后调用RemoveFontResource）：

program font_enum;

{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
{$R *.res}

uses
  Windows,
  System.SysUtils;

const
  QFR_DESCRIPTION = 1;

var
  p: String;
  F: TSearchRec;
  cbBuffer: DWORD;
  lpBuffer: array [0 .. MAX_PATH - 1] of Char;

function GetFontResourceInfo(lpszFilename: PChar; var cbBuffer: DWORD; lpBuffer: PChar; dwQueryType: DWORD): DWORD;
  stdcall; external 'gdi32.dll' name 'GetFontResourceInfoW';

begin
  try
    { TODO -oUser -cConsole Main : Insert code here }

    p := ParamStr(1);

    if (p = EmptyStr) then
      p := ExtractFilePath(ParamStr(0))
    else if (not DirectoryExists(p)) then
    begin
      Writeln('Directory specified is not valid.');
      Exit;
    end;

    p := IncludeTrailingPathDelimiter(p);

    if (FindFirst(p + '*.ttf', faAnyFile - faDirectory, F) = 0) then
    begin

      repeat
        AddFontResource(PWideChar(p + F.Name));

        cbBuffer := SizeOf(lpBuffer);
        GetFontResourceInfo(PWideChar(p + F.Name), cbBuffer, lpBuffer, QFR_DESCRIPTION);
        Writeln(Format('%s = %s', [F.Name, lpBuffer]));

        RemoveFontResource(PWideChar(p + F.Name));

      until (FindNext(F) <> 0);

    end;

    FindClose(F);

    if (FindFirst(p + '*.fon', faAnyFile - faDirectory, F) = 0) then
    begin

      repeat
        AddFontResource(PWideChar(p + F.Name));

        cbBuffer := SizeOf(lpBuffer);
        GetFontResourceInfo(PWideChar(p + F.Name), cbBuffer, lpBuffer, QFR_DESCRIPTION);
        Writeln(Format('%s = %s', [F.Name, lpBuffer]));

        RemoveFontResource(PWideChar(p + F.Name));

      until (FindNext(F) <> 0);

    end;

    FindClose(F);
  except
    on E: Exception do
      Writeln(E.ClassName, ': ', E.Message);
  end;

end.