您需要为新插入的行创建一个新ID：

INSERT INTO web_book( 
   id, page_count, year_published, file, image, 
   display_on_hp, name, description, name_cs, 
   name_en, description_cs, description_en
)
SELECT nextval('web_book_id_seq'), 
       page_count, 
       year_published, 
       file, 
       image, 
       display_on_hp, 
       name, 
       description, 
       name_cs, 
       name_en, 
       description_cs, 
       description_en 
FROM web_book WHERE id=3;

正如ClodoaldoNeto所提到的，您可以通过省略ID列并让默认定义完成它的工作来使事情变得简单一些：

INSERT INTO web_book( 
   page_count, year_published, file, image, 
   display_on_hp, name, description, name_cs, 
   name_en, description_cs, description_en
)
SELECT page_count, 
       year_published, 
       file, 
       image, 
       display_on_hp, 
       name, 
       description, 
       name_cs, 
       name_en, 
       description_cs, 
       description_en 
FROM web_book WHERE id=3;

在这种情况下，您不需要知道序列名（但这并不明显）。

仅当指定了id列的值时才指定该列（并且这不是您的情况）。您希望使用下一个序列web_book_id_seq值，因此不要在INSERT查询中指定它。
您的INSERT应该如下所示：

INSERT INTO web_book (page_count, year_published, file, image, display_on_hp, name, description, name_cs, name_en, description_cs, description_en)
SELECT page_count, year_published, file, image, display_on_hp, name, description, name_cs, name_en, description_cs, description_en
FROM web_book
WHERE id = 3;

另一种选择。
注意在这个例子中，prtkey和pubkey是bytea类型的二进制字段，uptime是一个timestamptz非空字段。

INSERT INTO keysvc (id,title,pvtkey,pubkey,status,uptime) VALUES( 2, 'ramnode4',null ,null ,1, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);

with keys as (SELECT pvtkey, pubkey, uptime FROM keysvc where id = 1)
update keysvc set pvtkey=(select pvtkey from keys), pubkey=(select pvtkey from keys), uptime=(select uptime from keys) where id =40;