golang:latest镜像是基于debian bullseye的，除了使用这个镜像来构建二进制文件之外，你不需要做任何事情，这样它就可以在ubuntu上运行了。
只需用这一行来启动您的dockerfile，而不是您当前正在使用的行。

FROM golang:latest

从Ubuntu的基础镜像开始，在里面安装golang，然后添加你发现的依赖项，如果你不太关心go的版本，那么Ubuntu的官方软件包就可以了，你不必下载官方的go发行版。
这适用于我们（linux / mac用户）：
停靠文件

FROM ubuntu:20.04 as base

ARG BUILDPLATFORM
ARG TARGETPLATFORM
RUN echo "Building for $TARGETPLATFORM on $BUILDPLATFORM"

# Enable super fast apt caches for use with buildkit --mount=type=cache
RUN rm -f /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/docker-clean; \
    echo 'Binary::apt::APT::Keep-Downloaded-Packages "true";' > /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/keep-cache

# Install dependencies for building
# --mount docs: https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/frontend/dockerfile/docs/syntax.md
RUN --mount=type=cache,sharing=locked,target=/var/cache/apt \
    --mount=type=cache,sharing=locked,target=/var/lib/apt \
    apt-get update && \
    DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y \
    awscli \
    curl \
    gcc \
    git \
    liblxc-dev \
    liblxc1 \
    lxc-utils \
    make \
    parallel \
    pkg-config \
    upx-ucl \
    && apt-get clean && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*

ARG GOVERSION=1.15
ARG TARGETARCH
ADD https://dl.google.com/go/go${GOVERSION}.linux-${TARGETARCH}.tar.gz /tmp/golang.tar.gz
RUN cd /opt && tar zxf /tmp/golang.tar.gz && rm /tmp/golang.tar.gz

# Set timezone to UTC
RUN echo 'UTC' > /etc/timezone && \
    dpkg-reconfigure -f noninteractive tzdata

# Set up go environment variables
ENV GOPATH=/opt/gopath
ENV GOCACHE=/opt/gocache
ENV GOROOT=/opt/go
ENV PATH="$GOROOT/bin/:$PATH"

# Install go-bindata, it is used when building drone
# go get installs to: $GOPATH/src and $GOPATH/bin
# We then move the binary to $GOROOT so we can change GOPATH in our builds
RUN go get -u github.com/go-bindata/go-bindata/... && \
    mv $GOPATH/bin/go-bindata $GOROOT/bin/go-bindata

# Install https://staticcheck.io for statistical analysis of go code
RUN go get honnef.co/go/tools/cmd/staticcheck && \
    mv $GOPATH/bin/staticcheck $GOROOT/bin/staticcheck

# Install https://github.com/kyoh86/richgo for pretty color output
RUN go get -u github.com/kyoh86/richgo && \
    mv $GOPATH/bin/richgo $GOROOT/bin/richgo

# Set up working dir for this project
WORKDIR /workspace

#########
# TESTS #
#########

# Install dependencies for running tests
RUN --mount=type=cache,sharing=locked,target=/var/cache/apt \
    --mount=type=cache,sharing=locked,target=/var/lib/apt \
    apt-get update && \
    DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y \
    pigz \
    bind9-host \
    && apt-get clean && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*

# Setup git for tests
RUN git config --global user.email "test@project.com" && \
    git config --global user.name "Test Project"

FROM base as ci
ENV GOPATH=/workspace/.cache/gopath
ENV GOCACHE=/workspace/.cache/gocache

RUN mkdir -p /root/.parallel; touch /root/.parallel/will-cite

#############
# COPY CODE #
#############
#COPY go.mod go.sum /workspace/
#WORKDIR /workspace
#RUN go mod download
#COPY ./ /workspace/

# A note on folders
# /opt/go is where go itself is installed
# /opt/gopath is where `go get` installs packages
# /opt/gopath is also what `go mod` uses for package cache
# /builds is where the current project folder should be mounted

要运行它：
docker.sh

docker build -q --target base -t ubuntu-go . ||
docker build    --target base -t ubuntu-go .

docker run -i -t --rm --init --env-file=.env \
  --volume /src/myproject:/workspace:delegated \
  --volume /src/myproject/.docker/gopath:/opt/gopath:delegated \
  --volume /src/myproject/.docker/gocache:/opt/gocache:delegated \
  ubuntu-go "$@"

例如：

$ bash -x docker.sh bash -c 'seq 1 4 ; whoami'
+ docker build -q --target base -t ubuntu-go .
sha256:03eaf19625efd7f5760d14ea0d741d4454a9f280cd70c5c600bea63bbca70984
+ docker run -i -t --rm --init --env-file=.env \
  --volume /src/myproject:/workspace:delegated \
  --volume /src/myproject/.docker/gopath:/opt/gopath:delegated \
  --volume /src/myproject/.docker/gocache:/opt/gocache:delegated \
   ubuntu-go bash -c 'seq 1 4 ; whoami'
1
2
3
4
root

我们的ldd deps如下所示：

linux-vdso.so.1 (…)
 libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (…)
 liblxc.so.1 => /usr/lib64/liblxc.so.1 (…)
 libutil.so.1 => /lib64/libutil.so.1 (…)
 libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (…)
 libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (…)
 /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (…)
 libcrypto.so.1.1 => /usr/lib64/libcrypto.so.1.1 (…)
 libseccomp.so.2 => /usr/lib64/libseccomp.so.2 (…)
 libcap.so.2 => /lib64/libcap.so.2 (…)
 libgcc_s.so.1 => /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/9.4.0/libgcc_s.so.1 (…)