我有一个程序，有一个交互图形，偶尔会画出很多艺术家。在这个图形中，你也可以用鼠标缩放和平移。但是，缩放和平移的性能不是很好，因为每个艺术家总是被重绘。有没有办法检查哪些艺术家在当前显示的区域，并只重绘那些艺术家？（在下面的例子中，性能仍然相对较好，但可以通过使用更多或更复杂的艺术家来任意地使其变差）
hover方法也有类似的性能问题，无论何时调用它，它都会在最后运行canvas.draw()，但是正如您所看到的，我找到了一个巧妙的解决方法，即利用缓存和恢复轴的背景（基于this）。这显著提高了性能，现在即使有许多艺术家，它也运行得非常流畅。也许有一个类似的方法来做这件事，但对于pan和zoom方法？
很抱歉代码示例太长，大部分代码与问题没有直接关系，但对于突出问题的工作示例来说是必需的。

• • 编辑**

我将MWE更新为更能代表我的实际代码的东西。

import numpy as np
import sys
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.backends.backend_qt5agg import \
    FigureCanvasQTAgg
import matplotlib.patheffects as PathEffects
from matplotlib.text import Annotation
from matplotlib.collections import LineCollection

from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QVBoxLayout, QDialog

def check_limits(base_xlim, base_ylim, new_xlim, new_ylim):
    if new_xlim[0] < base_xlim[0]:
        overlap = base_xlim[0] - new_xlim[0]
        new_xlim[0] = base_xlim[0]
        if new_xlim[1] + overlap > base_xlim[1]:
            new_xlim[1] = base_xlim[1]
        else:
            new_xlim[1] += overlap
    if new_xlim[1] > base_xlim[1]:
        overlap = new_xlim[1] - base_xlim[1]
        new_xlim[1] = base_xlim[1]
        if new_xlim[0] - overlap < base_xlim[0]:
            new_xlim[0] = base_xlim[0]
        else:
            new_xlim[0] -= overlap
    if new_ylim[1] < base_ylim[1]:
        overlap = base_ylim[1] - new_ylim[1]
        new_ylim[1] = base_ylim[1]
        if new_ylim[0] + overlap > base_ylim[0]:
            new_ylim[0] = base_ylim[0]
        else:
            new_ylim[0] += overlap
    if new_ylim[0] > base_ylim[0]:
        overlap = new_ylim[0] - base_ylim[0]
        new_ylim[0] = base_ylim[0]
        if new_ylim[1] - overlap < base_ylim[1]:
            new_ylim[1] = base_ylim[1]
        else:
            new_ylim[1] -= overlap

    return new_xlim, new_ylim

class FigureCanvas(FigureCanvasQTAgg):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.bg_cache = None

    def draw(self):
        ax = self.figure.axes[0]
        hid_annotation = False
        if ax.annot.get_visible():
            ax.annot.set_visible(False)
            hid_annotation = True
        hid_highlight = False
        if ax.last_artist:
            ax.last_artist.set_path_effects([PathEffects.Normal()])
            hid_highlight = True
        super().draw()
        self.bg_cache = self.copy_from_bbox(self.figure.bbox)
        if hid_highlight:
            ax.last_artist.set_path_effects(
                [PathEffects.withStroke(
                    linewidth=7, foreground="c", alpha=0.4
                )]
            )
            ax.draw_artist(ax.last_artist)
        if hid_annotation:
            ax.annot.set_visible(True)
            ax.draw_artist(ax.annot)

        if hid_highlight:
            self.update()

def position(t_, coeff, var=0.1):
    x_ = np.random.normal(np.polyval(coeff[:, 0], t_), var)
    y_ = np.random.normal(np.polyval(coeff[:, 1], t_), var)

    return x_, y_

class Data:
    def __init__(self, times):
        self.length = np.random.randint(1, 20)
        self.t = np.sort(
            np.random.choice(times, size=self.length, replace=False)
        )
        self.vel = [np.random.uniform(-2, 2), np.random.uniform(-2, 2)]
        self.accel = [np.random.uniform(-0.01, 0.01), np.random.uniform(-0.01,
                                                                      0.01)]
        x0, y0 = np.random.uniform(0, 1000, 2)
        self.x, self.y = position(
            self.t, np.array([self.accel, self.vel, [x0, y0]])
        )

class Test(QDialog):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.fig, self.ax = plt.subplots()
        self.canvas = FigureCanvas(self.fig)
        self.artists = []
        self.zoom_factor = 1.5
        self.x_press = None
        self.y_press = None
        self.annot = Annotation(
            "", xy=(0, 0), xytext=(-20, 20), textcoords="offset points",
            bbox=dict(boxstyle="round", fc="w", alpha=0.7), color='black',
            arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle="->"), zorder=6, visible=False,
            annotation_clip=False, in_layout=False,
        )
        self.annot.set_clip_on(False)
        setattr(self.ax, 'annot', self.annot)
        self.ax.add_artist(self.annot)
        self.last_artist = None
        setattr(self.ax, 'last_artist', self.last_artist)

        self.image = np.random.uniform(0, 100, 1000000).reshape((1000, 1000))
        self.ax.imshow(self.image, cmap='gray', interpolation='nearest')
        self.times = np.linspace(0, 20)
        for i in range(1000):
            data = Data(self.times)
            points = np.array([data.x, data.y]).T.reshape(-1, 1, 2)
            segments = np.concatenate([points[:-1], points[1:]], axis=1)
            z = np.linspace(0, 1, data.length)
            norm = plt.Normalize(z.min(), z.max())
            lc = LineCollection(
                segments, cmap='autumn', norm=norm, alpha=1,
                linewidths=2, picker=8, capstyle='round',
                joinstyle='round'
            )
            setattr(lc, 'data_id', i)
            lc.set_array(z)
            self.ax.add_artist(lc)
            self.artists.append(lc)
        self.default_xlim = self.ax.get_xlim()
        self.default_ylim = self.ax.get_ylim()

        self.canvas.draw()

        self.cid_motion = self.fig.canvas.mpl_connect(
            'motion_notify_event', self.motion_event
        )
        self.cid_button = self.fig.canvas.mpl_connect(
            'button_press_event', self.pan_press
        )
        self.cid_zoom = self.fig.canvas.mpl_connect(
            'scroll_event', self.zoom
        )

        layout = QVBoxLayout()
        layout.addWidget(self.canvas)
        self.setLayout(layout)

    def zoom(self, event):
        if event.inaxes == self.ax:
            scale_factor = np.power(self.zoom_factor, -event.step)
            xdata = event.xdata
            ydata = event.ydata
            cur_xlim = self.ax.get_xlim()
            cur_ylim = self.ax.get_ylim()
            x_left = xdata - cur_xlim[0]
            x_right = cur_xlim[1] - xdata
            y_top = ydata - cur_ylim[0]
            y_bottom = cur_ylim[1] - ydata

            new_xlim = [
                xdata - x_left * scale_factor, xdata + x_right * scale_factor
            ]
            new_ylim = [
                ydata - y_top * scale_factor, ydata + y_bottom * scale_factor
            ]
            # intercept new plot parameters if they are out of bounds
            new_xlim, new_ylim = check_limits(
                self.default_xlim, self.default_ylim, new_xlim, new_ylim
            )

            if cur_xlim != tuple(new_xlim) or cur_ylim != tuple(new_ylim):
                self.ax.set_xlim(new_xlim)
                self.ax.set_ylim(new_ylim)

                self.canvas.draw_idle()

    def motion_event(self, event):
        if event.button == 1:
            self.pan_move(event)
        else:
            self.hover(event)

    def pan_press(self, event):
        if event.inaxes == self.ax:
            self.x_press = event.xdata
            self.y_press = event.ydata

    def pan_move(self, event):
        if event.inaxes == self.ax:
            xdata = event.xdata
            ydata = event.ydata
            cur_xlim = self.ax.get_xlim()
            cur_ylim = self.ax.get_ylim()
            dx = xdata - self.x_press
            dy = ydata - self.y_press
            new_xlim = [cur_xlim[0] - dx, cur_xlim[1] - dx]
            new_ylim = [cur_ylim[0] - dy, cur_ylim[1] - dy]

            # intercept new plot parameters that are out of bound
            new_xlim, new_ylim = check_limits(
                self.default_xlim, self.default_ylim, new_xlim, new_ylim
            )

            if cur_xlim != tuple(new_xlim) or cur_ylim != tuple(new_ylim):
                self.ax.set_xlim(new_xlim)
                self.ax.set_ylim(new_ylim)

                self.canvas.draw_idle()

    def update_annot(self, event, artist):
        self.ax.annot.xy = (event.xdata, event.ydata)
        text = f'Data #{artist.data_id}'
        self.ax.annot.set_text(text)
        self.ax.annot.set_visible(True)
        self.ax.draw_artist(self.ax.annot)

    def hover(self, event):
        vis = self.ax.annot.get_visible()
        if event.inaxes == self.ax:
            ind = 0
            cont = None
            while (
                ind in range(len(self.artists))
                and not cont
            ):
                artist = self.artists[ind]
                cont, _ = artist.contains(event)
                if cont and artist is not self.ax.last_artist:
                    if self.ax.last_artist is not None:
                        self.canvas.restore_region(self.canvas.bg_cache)
                        self.ax.last_artist.set_path_effects(
                            [PathEffects.Normal()]
                        )
                        self.ax.last_artist = None
                    artist.set_path_effects(
                        [PathEffects.withStroke(
                            linewidth=7, foreground="c", alpha=0.4
                        )]
                    )
                    self.ax.last_artist = artist
                    self.ax.draw_artist(self.ax.last_artist)
                    self.update_annot(event, self.ax.last_artist)
                ind += 1

            if vis and not cont and self.ax.last_artist:
                self.canvas.restore_region(self.canvas.bg_cache)
                self.ax.last_artist.set_path_effects([PathEffects.Normal()])
                self.ax.last_artist = None
                self.ax.annot.set_visible(False)
        elif vis:
            self.canvas.restore_region(self.canvas.bg_cache)
            self.ax.last_artist.set_path_effects([PathEffects.Normal()])
            self.ax.last_artist = None
            self.ax.annot.set_visible(False)
        self.canvas.update()
        self.canvas.flush_events()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    test = Test()
    test.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())