感谢@CommonsWare的建议，我用File provider创建了一个文件，并用EXTRA_OUTPUT提供了这个文件的uri。现在我可以用videoUriForAddingCaptureVideo和videoPathForAddingCaptureVideo变量做一些事情了。我把这个答案贴出来是为了给其他开发人员给予一个线索。

private fun dispatchTakeVideoIntent() {

    val videosFolder = File(
        Environment
            .getExternalStorageDirectory(), application.applicationContext.resources
            .getString(R.string.app_name)
    )

    try {
        if (!videosFolder.exists()) {
            val isCreated: Boolean = videosFolder.mkdirs()
            if (!isCreated) {
                Log.e(TAG,"dispatchTakeVideoIntent : storage error")
                return
            }
        }
    } catch (e: Exception) {
        e.printStackTrace()
    }

    val timeStamp = SimpleDateFormat("yyyyMMdd_HHmmss", Locale.getDefault()).format(Date())
    val videoFileName = "VID_" + timeStamp + "_"
    val storageDir: File? = application.applicationContext.getExternalFilesDir(Environment.DIRECTORY_PICTURES)

    try {
        val video = File.createTempFile(
            videoFileName,  /* prefix */
            ".mp4",  /* suffix */
            storageDir /* directory */
        )
        videoUriForAddingCaptureVideo = FileProvider.getUriForFile(application.applicationContext, application.applicationContext.packageName + ".provider", video)
        videoPathForAddingCaptureVideo = video.absolutePath //Store this path as globe variable

        Intent(MediaStore.ACTION_VIDEO_CAPTURE).also { takeVideoIntent ->
            takeVideoIntent.putExtra(MediaStore.EXTRA_OUTPUT, videoUriForAddingCaptureVideo)
            takeVideoIntent.resolveActivity(packageManager)?.also {
                startActivityForResult(takeVideoIntent, REQUEST_VIDEO_CAPTURE)
            }
        }

    } catch (e: ActivityNotFoundException) {
        e.printStackTrace()
    } catch (e: IOException) {
        e.printStackTrace()
    }

}