在名称和日期上添加一个复合索引。上面的查询将在不使用文件排序的情况下运行。
查询的另一种方式：

SELECT date_added, data_1, data_2, data_3, data_4, data_5, data_6, data_7, data_8, data_9
FROM numeric_data
WHERE date_added = 
(select min(date_added) from numeric_data where date_added >= '2018-05-03 11:00:00' and name = 'aaa')
and name = 'aaa'
limit 1;

小提琴：http：//sqlfiddle.com/#！9/4 e8 d89/1 .

您可以使用范围分区：
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/partitioning-range.html
您需要根据您拥有的日期范围来定义分区。

CREATE TABLE `numeric_data` (
 `id` int(255) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
 `date_added` datetime NOT NULL,
 `name` varchar(8) COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
 `data_1` decimal(30,17) NOT NULL,
 `data_2` decimal(30,17) NOT NULL,
 `data_3` decimal(30,17) NOT NULL,
 `data_4` decimal(30,17) NOT NULL,
 `data_5` decimal(30,17) NOT NULL,
 `data_6` decimal(30,17) NOT NULL,
 `data_7` decimal(30,17) NOT NULL,
 `data_8` decimal(30,17) NOT NULL,
 `data_9` decimal(30,17) NOT NULL,
 PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
 KEY `date_added` (`date_added`),
 KEY `name` (`name`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=60000000 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci
      PARTITION BY RANGE( TO_DAYS(date_added) ) (
        PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DAYS('2018-01-01')),
        PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DAYS('2018-02-01')),
        PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DAYS('2018-03-01')),
        PARTITION p4 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DAYS('2018-04-01')),
        PARTITION future VALUES LESS THAN MAXVALUE
      );

对于下面的查询，将仅使用分区“future”：

SELECT date_added, data_1, data_2, data_3, data_4, data_5, data_6, data_7, data_8, data_9
FROM numeric_data
WHERE date_added >= '2018-05-03 11:00:00'
AND name = 'aaa'
ORDER BY date_added LIMIT 1