试试这个：

SELECT * FROM sqlite_master where type='table';

使用下面的sql语句获取sqlite数据库中所有表的列表

SELECT * FROM dbname.sqlite_master WHERE type='table';

之前在StackOverFlow上问过同样的问题。
How to list the tables in an SQLite database file that was opened with ATTACH?

为我工作

SELECT * FROM sqlite_master where type='table'

con = sqlite3.connect('db.sqlite')
cur = con.cursor()

cur.execute('''
    SELECT tbl_name
    FROM sqlite_master
    WHERE type = 'table';
''')

print(cur.fetchall())