1.您声明了unsigned short hex_v_info（在我的系统中为2个字节），然后使用fscanf(fp ,"%x", &hex_v_info)从读取数据，其中格式字符串%x期望int的地址（在我的系统中为4个字节）。

1. unsigned short **v_info但是你存储了一个int [s_votes]的数组。如果你的指针不一致，这将是一个问题。
2. realloc(NULL, 1)定义得很好，所以只要用它来代替malloc() of the first element. You need to assign the result of realloc（）'到一个临时变量，就可以处理NULL。否则会丢失数据和内存泄漏。
   1.如果s_votes〉1，free(v_info);会导致释放两次，并且仍然会泄漏在v_info[i]上分配的内存。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define TOTAL_V 3
#define NUM_CANDIDATES 7

// 0x1111 1110 0000 0000
int hex_age(unsigned short hex){
    unsigned short age = hex >> 9;
    if (age >18 && age < 101)
        return age;
    return 0;
}

// 0x0000 0001 1000 0000
int hex_gender(unsigned short hex){
    unsigned short gender = hex >> 7 & 3; // bit 7 and 6
    return gender;
}

// 0x0000 0000 0111 1111
int hex_vote(unsigned short hex){
    unsigned short vote, tmp = hex & 0x7f , count = 0; // bit 11 through 0
    if (tmp == 0)
        return 7;
    for (int i = 0 ; i<7; i++){
        if ((tmp & 1) == 1){
            count++;
            vote = i;
        }
        tmp = tmp >> 1;
    }
    if (count > 1)
        return 7;
    return vote;
}

int main() {
    int s_votes = 0, f_votes = 0, v_count[NUM_CANDIDATES] = {0};
    unsigned short hex_v_info;
    int **v_info = NULL;

    FILE *fp = fopen("data1.dat" , "r");
    if (!fp){
        fprintf(stderr ,"apotuxe o anoigmos tou arxeiou");
        exit(-1);
    }
    for(;;) {
        int rv = fscanf(fp ,"%hx", &hex_v_info);
        if(rv == EOF) break;
        if(rv != 1) {
            printf("err\n");
            return 1;
        }
        unsigned short age = hex_age(hex_v_info);
        if(!age) {
            f_votes++;
            continue;
        }
        unsigned short gender = hex_gender(hex_v_info);
        if (!gender) {
            f_votes++;
            continue;
        }
        unsigned short vote = hex_vote(hex_v_info);
        if (vote == 7) {
            f_votes++;
            continue;
        }
        int **tmp = realloc(v_info, sizeof *tmp * (s_votes + 1));
        if(!tmp) {
            // handle error: free v_info[i] and v_info?
            return 1;
        }
        v_info = tmp;
        v_info[s_votes] = malloc(sizeof **v_info * TOTAL_V);
        v_info[s_votes][0] = age;
        v_info[s_votes][1] = gender;
        v_info[s_votes][2] = vote;
        v_count[vote]++;
        s_votes++;
    }
    fclose(fp);

    printf("f_votes: %d\n", f_votes);
    for(size_t i = 0; i < s_votes; i++) {
        printf("%zu: %d %d %d\n",
            i,
            v_info[i][0],
            v_info[i][1],
            v_info[i][2]
        );
    }
    for (int i = 0; i< s_votes; i++)
        free(v_info[i]);
    free(v_info);
    return 0;
}

和输入文件file：

a081
a082

它似乎正确处理信息数据：

f_votes: 0
0: 80 1 0
1: 80 1 1