您可以使用条件聚合来检查某些状态是否与其他状态沿着存在。

select order_id
from sample
where operation in ('INSERT', 'UPDATE', 'CANCEL', 'OTHER_STATUS_TO_CHECK_TOGETHER_WITH_INSERT')
group by order_id
having count(case operation when 'INSERT' then 1 end) = 0

对于示例数据，它返回
| 订单编号|
| - ------|
| 第二章|
fiddle

看看以下内容是否有帮助：

Select Order_Id
from t
where Operation in ('UPDATE','CANCEL')
and not exists (
  select * from t t2
  where t2.Order_Id = t.Order_Id and t2.Operation = 'INSERT'
);

在Oracle 12中，可以使用MATCH_RECOGNIZE执行逐行模式匹配，以确定UPDATE或CANCEL操作之前是否有INSERT操作：

SELECT order_id
FROM   order_book
MATCH_RECOGNIZE(
  PARTITION BY order_id
  ORDER     BY timestamp
  MEASURES
    COUNT(insert_op.operation) AS has_insert
  PATTERN ( insert_op? (update_op|cancel_op)+ )
  DEFINE
    insert_op AS operation = 'INSERT',
    update_op AS operation = 'UPDATE',
    cancel_op AS operation = 'CANCEL'
)
WHERE has_insert = 0;

其中，对于示例数据：

CREATE TABLE order_book (ORDER_ID, TIMESTAMP, OPERATION, ORDER_STATUS ) AS
SELECT 1, '00:00:01', 'INSERT', 'New'              FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT 1, '00:00:05', 'UPDATE', 'Partially Filled' FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT 2, '00:00:07', 'UPDATE', 'Partially Filled' FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT 1, '00:00:08', 'CANCEL', 'Filled'           FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT 3, '00:00:08', 'INSERT', 'NEW'              FROM DUAL;

输出：
| 订单编号|
| - ------|
| 第二章|
或者，如果您需要UPDATE或CANCEL操作位于组中第一个的组，则可以使用：

SELECT order_id
FROM   order_book
MATCH_RECOGNIZE(
  PARTITION BY order_id
  ORDER     BY timestamp
  PATTERN ( ^ (update_op|cancel_op) )
  DEFINE
    update_op AS operation = 'UPDATE',
    cancel_op AS operation = 'CANCEL'
);

其输出相同。
fiddle