您使用data_color的方法是正确的。当然，您是否有列名，即使它们并不是真正需要的，因为我们只需要排除第一列：

library(dplyr)
library(tidyr)
library(gt)

data %>% 
  pivot_wider(names_from = group2,
              values_from = pvalue) %>%
  mutate(across(-1, as.numeric)) %>%
  gt() %>%
  cols_label(group1 = "") %>% 
  sub_missing(
    columns = everything(),
    rows = everything(),
    missing_text = "") %>%
  data_color(
    columns = -1,
    colors = scales::col_bin(
      palette = c("red", "blue", "transparent"),
      bins = c(0, 0.01, .05, 1),
      na.color = "transparent"
    )
  )