如果类别大小相同，我们可以

library(dplyr)
 d %>%
   mutate(values = values - d$values[d$categories == "A"])

• 输出

# A tibble: 9 × 2
  categories values
  <chr>       <int>
1 A               0
2 A               0
3 A               0
4 B               3
5 B               3
6 B               3
7 C               6
8 C               6
9 C               6

您可以：

library(tidyverse)
d %>% 
  group_by(categories) %>%
  mutate(id = row_number()) %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  pivot_wider(names_from = 'categories',
              values_from = 'values') %>%
  mutate(across(-id, ~ . - A)) %>%
  pivot_longer(cols = -id,
               names_to = 'categories',
               values_to = 'values',
               cols_vary = 'slowest') %>%
  select(-id)

或者：

d %>% 
  group_by(categories) %>%
  mutate(id = row_number()) %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  mutate(values = values - values[categories == 'A' & id == id]) %>%
  select(-id)

# A tibble: 9 x 2
  categories values
  <chr>       <int>
1 A               0
2 A               0
3 A               0
4 B               3
5 B               3
6 B               3
7 C               6
8 C               6
9 C               6