使用lsof /dev/nvidia*查找使用旧驱动程序的进程。在我的情况下，它是“nvidia-persistenced”。只需通过pid杀死进程，然后重试安装程序NVIDIA-***。运行

# lsof /dev/nvidia*
COMMAND    PID                USER   FD   TYPE  DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
nvidia-pe 1334 nvidia-persistenced    2u   CHR 195,255      0t0  420 /dev/nvidiactl
nvidia-pe 1334 nvidia-persistenced    3u   CHR   195,0      0t0  421 /dev/nvidia0
nvidia-pe 1334 nvidia-persistenced    5u   CHR   195,0      0t0  421 /dev/nvidia0
nvidia-pe 1334 nvidia-persistenced    6u   CHR   195,0      0t0  421 /dev/nvidia0
nvidia-pe 1334 nvidia-persistenced    7u   CHR   195,0      0t0  421 /dev/nvidia0

我只是删除了现有的驱动程序并重新安装

我为此编写了python脚本：
unload_all_nvidia_modules.py

from subprocess import run, getoutput
from shlex import split
import re

def get_all_nvidia_modules():
    all_modules = getoutput("lsmod").splitlines()
    modules_to_unload = set()
    for m in all_modules:
        m = m.strip()
        m_splitted = re.split("\s+", m)

        module_name = m_splitted[0]
        if len(m_splitted) == 4:
            deps = m_splitted[-1].split(",")
        else:
            deps = []

        if "nvidia" in module_name or any("nvidia" in d for d in deps):
            modules_to_unload.add(module_name)
            for d in deps:
                modules_to_unload.add(d)

    return modules_to_unload

def get_usage_pids(pattern):
    all_files = getoutput("lsof").splitlines()
    pids = set()
    commands = []
    for f in all_files:
        if pattern in f:
            f.strip()
            pid = re.split("\s+", f)[1]
            pids.add(pid)
            commands.append(f)

    return pids


def unload_all_nvidia_modules():
    cnt = 100
    while cnt > 0:
        cnt -= 1
        modules = get_all_nvidia_modules()

        if len(modules) == 0:
            break

        for m in modules:
            pids = get_usage_pids(m)
            for pid in pids:
                run(split(f"killall -9 {pid}"))

            run(split(f"rmmod {m}"))

if __name__ == "__main__":
    get_all_nvidia_modules()
    unload_all_nvidia_modules()

用法：
sudo python3 unload_all_nvidia_modules.py