为了补充@FabioStein关于相关stackoverflow question的评论，如果出于某种原因，您不需要额外的dockerfile，而是将所有内容都保留在docker-compose文件中，您可以使用command选项。

version: '3.1'

services:
  elasticsearch:
    image: docker.elastic.co/elasticsearch/elasticsearch:7.17.0
    container_name: es
    environment:
      - discovery.type=single-node
    ports:
      - 9200:9200
    command: >
      bash -c '
        until curl -sS "http://localhost:9200/_cat/health?h=status" | grep -q "green\|yellow"; do
          sleep 1
        done
        curl -X PUT "http://localhost:9200/products" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
        {
          "mappings": {
            "properties": {
              "name": { "type": "text" },
              "quantity": { "type": "integer" }
            }
          }
        }'
      '
    deploy:
      resources:
        limits:
          memory: 2GB

无论如何，这不如一个单独的docker文件优雅和可维护，但是，您知道，只是为了记录