找到解决方案了！
在我无休止的搜索中，我发现我已经删除了我的VirtualHost for apache的转发头。我还添加了ProxyPreserveHost选项。
我将虚拟主机更改为包括

RequestHeader set X-Forwarded-Proto https
ProxyPreserveHost On
ProxyPass / http://localhost:5000/
ProxyPassReverse / http://localhost:5000/
ServerName www.example.com
ServerAlias *.example.com

RequestHeader set X-Forwarded-Proto https
ProxyPreserveHost On

添加上述两个指令即可完成此工作
参考文献：
ProxyPreserveHost On
RequestHeader set X-Forwarded-Proto https

如果你使用的是网络核心，仅仅添加正确的配置到虚拟主机是不够的，你需要添加

app.UseForwardedHeaders(new ForwardedHeadersOptions
        {
            ForwardedHeaders = ForwardedHeaders.XForwardedFor | ForwardedHeaders.XForwardedProto
        });
        
        app.Use((context, next) =>
        {
            if (context.Request.Headers.TryGetValue("X-Forwarded-Proto", out var protoHeaderValue) &&
                protoHeaderValue == "https")
            {
                context.Request.Scheme = "https";
            }
            return next();
        });

以及

.AddGoogle(options =>
            {
                    OnRedirectToAuthorizationEndpoint = context =>
                    {
                        context.Response.Redirect(context.RedirectUri.Replace("http://", "https://", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
                        return Task.CompletedTask;
                    },
                };