我使用Apache commons HTTP Client包在我当前的项目中完成此操作，它可以很好地使用SSL和自签名证书（在安装到您提到的cacerts之后）。请在这里查看：
http://hc.apache.org/httpclient-3.x/tutorial.html
http://hc.apache.org/httpclient-3.x/sslguide.html

我认为你的服务器证书有问题，不是一个有效的证书（我认为这就是“handshake_failure”在这种情况下的意思）：
将您的服务器证书导入到客户端JRE上的trustcacerts密钥库中。这可以通过keytool轻松完成：

keytool
    -import
    -alias <provide_an_alias>
    -file <certificate_file>
    -keystore <your_path_to_jre>/lib/security/cacerts

使用以下代码

-Djavax.net.ssl.keyStoreType=pkcs12

或

System.setProperty("javax.net.ssl.keyStore", pathToKeyStore);

也不需要创建自己的自定义SSL工厂。
我也遇到了同样的问题，在我的案例中有一个问题，即完整的证书链没有导入到信任库中。使用keytool实用程序从根证书导入证书，也可以在记事本中打开cacerts文件，看看是否导入了完整的证书链。检查导入证书时提供的别名，打开证书，看看它包含多少证书，cacerts文件中应该有相同数量的证书。
此外，应该在运行应用程序的服务器中配置cacerts文件，这两个服务器将使用公钥/私钥相互验证。

虽然这个问题已经有12年多的历史了，并且有很多很好的答案，但我想提供一个替代方案。下面是加载keystore和truststore并获取sslsocketfactory或sslcontext的一小段代码：

SSLFactory sslFactory = SSLFactory.builder()
        .withIdentityMaterial("clientcertificate.p12", "password".toCharArray(), "PKCS12")
        .withTrustMaterial("gridserver.keystore", "password".toCharArray(), "PKCS12")
        .build();

SSLSocketFactory sslSocketFactory = sslFactory.getSslSocketFactory();
SSLContext sslContext = sslFactory.getSslContext();

此示例代码片段来自库：GitHub - SSLContext Kickstart您可以使用以下代码段添加它：

<dependency>
    <groupId>io.github.hakky54</groupId>
    <artifactId>sslcontext-kickstart</artifactId>
    <version>7.0.2</version>
</dependency>

终于解决了;得到了一个强烈的提示here（甘道夫的回答也触及了一点）。丢失的链接（大部分）是下面的第一个参数，在某种程度上，我忽略了密钥库和信任库之间的区别。
必须将自签名服务器证书导入到信任库中：
keytool -import -alias gridserver -file gridserver.crt -storepass $PASS -keystore gridserver.keystore
需要设置以下属性（在命令行或代码中）：

-Djavax.net.ssl.keyStoreType=pkcs12
-Djavax.net.ssl.trustStoreType=jks
-Djavax.net.ssl.keyStore=clientcertificate.p12
-Djavax.net.ssl.trustStore=gridserver.keystore
-Djavax.net.debug=ssl # very verbose debug
-Djavax.net.ssl.keyStorePassword=$PASS
-Djavax.net.ssl.trustStorePassword=$PASS

工作示例代码：

SSLSocketFactory sslsocketfactory = (SSLSocketFactory) SSLSocketFactory.getDefault();
URL url = new URL("https://gridserver:3049/cgi-bin/ls.py");
HttpsURLConnection conn = (HttpsURLConnection)url.openConnection();
conn.setSSLSocketFactory(sslsocketfactory);
InputStream inputstream = conn.getInputStream();
InputStreamReader inputstreamreader = new InputStreamReader(inputstream);
BufferedReader bufferedreader = new BufferedReader(inputstreamreader);

String string = null;
while ((string = bufferedreader.readLine()) != null) {
    System.out.println("Received " + string);
}

虽然不推荐，但您也可以使用来自The Java Developers Almanac的以下代码完全禁用SSL证书验证：

import javax.net.ssl.*; import java.security.SecureRandom; import
java.security.cert.X509Certificate;

public class SSLTool {

  public static void disableCertificateValidation() {
    // Create a trust manager that does not validate certificate chains
    TrustManager[] trustAllCerts = new TrustManager[] { 
      new X509TrustManager() {
        public X509Certificate[] getAcceptedIssuers() { 
          return new X509Certificate[0]; 
        }
        public void checkClientTrusted(X509Certificate[] certs, String authType) {}
        public void checkServerTrusted(X509Certificate[] certs, String authType) {}
    }};

    // Ignore differences between given hostname and certificate hostname
    HostnameVerifier hv = new HostnameVerifier() {
      public boolean verify(String hostname, SSLSession session) { return true; }
    };

    // Install the all-trusting trust manager
    try {
      SSLContext sc = SSLContext.getInstance("SSL");
      sc.init(null, trustAllCerts, new SecureRandom());
      HttpsURLConnection.setDefaultSSLSocketFactory(sc.getSocketFactory());
      HttpsURLConnection.setDefaultHostnameVerifier(hv);
    } catch (Exception e) {}   } }

是否设置了KeyStore和/或TrustStore系统属性？

java -Djavax.net.ssl.keyStore=pathToKeystore -Djavax.net.ssl.keyStorePassword=123456

或从代码

System.setProperty("javax.net.ssl.keyStore", pathToKeyStore);

与javax .NET.ssl.trustStore相同

如果您正在使用Axis框架处理Web服务调用，则有一个更简单的答案。如果您的客户端希望能够调用SSL Web服务并忽略SSL证书错误，只需在调用任何Web服务之前添加以下语句：
System.setProperty("axis.socketSecureFactory", "org.apache.axis.components.net.SunFakeTrustSocketFactory");
在生产环境中，这是一件非常糟糕的事情，这是常见的声明。
我在the Axis wiki找到了这个。

对我来说，这就是使用Apache HttpComponents ~ HttpClient 4.x的工作原理：

KeyStore keyStore  = KeyStore.getInstance("PKCS12");
    FileInputStream instream = new FileInputStream(new File("client-p12-keystore.p12"));
    try {
        keyStore.load(instream, "helloworld".toCharArray());
    } finally {
        instream.close();
    }

    // Trust own CA and all self-signed certs
    SSLContext sslcontext = SSLContexts.custom()
        .loadKeyMaterial(keyStore, "helloworld".toCharArray())
        //.loadTrustMaterial(trustStore, new TrustSelfSignedStrategy()) //custom trust store
        .build();
    // Allow TLSv1 protocol only
    SSLConnectionSocketFactory sslsf = new SSLConnectionSocketFactory(
        sslcontext,
        new String[] { "TLSv1" },
        null,
        SSLConnectionSocketFactory.ALLOW_ALL_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER); //TODO
    CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.custom()
        .setHostnameVerifier(SSLConnectionSocketFactory.ALLOW_ALL_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER) //TODO
        .setSSLSocketFactory(sslsf)
        .build();
    try {

        HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet("https://localhost:8443/secure/index");

        System.out.println("executing request" + httpget.getRequestLine());

        CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget);
        try {
            HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();

            System.out.println("----------------------------------------");
            System.out.println(response.getStatusLine());
            if (entity != null) {
                System.out.println("Response content length: " + entity.getContentLength());
            }
            EntityUtils.consume(entity);
        } finally {
            response.close();
        }
    } finally {
        httpclient.close();
    }

P12文件包含使用BouncyCastle创建的客户端证书和客户端私钥：

public static byte[] convertPEMToPKCS12(final String keyFile, final String cerFile,
    final String password)
    throws IOException, CertificateException, KeyStoreException, NoSuchAlgorithmException,
    NoSuchProviderException
{
    // Get the private key
    FileReader reader = new FileReader(keyFile);

    PEMParser pem = new PEMParser(reader);
    PEMKeyPair pemKeyPair = ((PEMKeyPair)pem.readObject());
    JcaPEMKeyConverter jcaPEMKeyConverter = new JcaPEMKeyConverter().setProvider("BC");
    KeyPair keyPair = jcaPEMKeyConverter.getKeyPair(pemKeyPair);

    PrivateKey key = keyPair.getPrivate();

    pem.close();
    reader.close();

    // Get the certificate
    reader = new FileReader(cerFile);
    pem = new PEMParser(reader);

    X509CertificateHolder certHolder = (X509CertificateHolder) pem.readObject();
    java.security.cert.Certificate x509Certificate =
        new JcaX509CertificateConverter().setProvider("BC")
            .getCertificate(certHolder);

    pem.close();
    reader.close();

    // Put them into a PKCS12 keystore and write it to a byte[]
    ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
    KeyStore ks = KeyStore.getInstance("PKCS12", "BC");
    ks.load(null);
    ks.setKeyEntry("key-alias", (Key) key, password.toCharArray(),
        new java.security.cert.Certificate[]{x509Certificate});
    ks.store(bos, password.toCharArray());
    bos.close();
    return bos.toByteArray();
}