1.导入必要的库，如os、shutil和PIL。
1.定义读取和保存图像的源目录和目标目录。
1.循环访问源目录中的每个文件，并使用PIL库检查它是否是图像文件。
1.如果文件是图像，则通过将扩展名从“.jpg”更改为“.txt”来读取其对应的文本文件。
1.从文本文件中提取标签，并在目标目录中使用该标签创建新文件夹。
1.使用shutil将图像文件复制到新创建的文件夹中。
1.对源目录中的每个图像文件重复上述步骤。
下面是实现上述步骤的代码：

import os
import shutil
from PIL import Image

# Define the source directory and destination directory
src_dir = "path/to/source/directory"
dst_dir = "path/to/destination/directory"

# Iterate through each file in the source directory
for filename in os.listdir(src_dir):
    filepath = os.path.join(src_dir, filename)
    
    # Check if the file is an image
    if filename.endswith(".jpg"):
        
        # Read the corresponding text file
        text_filename = os.path.splitext(filename)[0] + ".txt"
        text_filepath = os.path.join(src_dir, text_filename)
        with open(text_filepath, "r") as f:
            label = f.readline().strip()
        
        # Create a new folder with the label in the destination directory
        label_dir = os.path.join(dst_dir, label)
        if not os.path.exists(label_dir):
            os.makedirs(label_dir)
        
        # Copy the image file to the newly created folder
        dst_filepath = os.path.join(label_dir, filename)
        shutil.copyfile(filepath, dst_filepath)

只要改变前三个目录变量就会让代码像魔咒一样工作，Prem J给出的答案也很酷。

import os
import shutil

# assumung that the names of the images and the labels are same excepth the extension

image_dir = "f1/im"  # Images directory path
label_dir = "f1/la"  # Labels directory path

final_dir = "f1/dataset" # the dataset directory where you want to save the images as label folders

images = os.listdir(image_dir)  # list of all the images names
label = os.listdir(label_dir)  # list of all the label names

# Sorting it to make sure the images and the labels are on the same index

images = sorted(images)   # ['test 1.jpg', 'test 2.jpg', 'test 3.jpg', 'test 4.jpg', 'test 5.jpg'] 
label = sorted(label) # ['test 1.txt', 'test 2.txt', 'test 3.txt', 'test 4.txt', 'test 5.txt']

if not os.path.exists(final_dir):
    os.mkdir(final_dir)

for c, txt in enumerate(label):
    txt_path = os.path.join(label_dir, txt)
    img_path = os.path.join(image_dir, images[c])
    with open(txt_path, "r") as r:
        l = r.read()

    dst = f"{final_dir}/{l}"
    if not os.path.exists(dst):
        os.mkdir(dst)
    
    shutil.copy(img_path, dst)
    shutil.copy(txt_path, dst)