with data  (process_time) as (
    select '10150450' from dual union all
    select '2034039' from dual
)
select regexp_replace(process_time, '(^\d{1,2})(\d{2})(\d{4}$)', '\1:\2:\3' )
from data 
;

10:15:0450
2:03:4039

您可以使用TO_TIMESTAMP将其转换为时间戳，然后使用TO_CHAR对其进行格式化：

SELECT process_time,
       TO_CHAR(
          TO_TIMESTAMP( LPAD(process_time, 8, '0'), 'HH24MISSFF2' ),
          'HH24:MI:SS.FF2'
       ) AS time
FROM   table_name;

其中，对于样本数据：

CREATE TABLE table_name (PROCESS_TIME) AS
SELECT 10150450 FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT 2034039  FROM DUAL

输出：
| 工艺时间|时间|
| --------------|--------------|
| 10150450|10点15分04秒50|
| 2034039|时间02：03：40.39|
fiddle