这个工作答案的学分@FaneDuru
我应该创建一个布尔变量，在（相同的）迭代中使其为true，而不需要using dict(arr(r, 1)) = vbNullString。
在检查之前，我必须有boolFound = false。
然后在迭代后检查相应的变量是否为假然后dict(arr(r, 1)) = vbNullString

Sub Loop_Array_at_the_same_time()
    
    Dim filter_Criteria() As Variant, dict As Object, arr, r As Long
    
    filter_Criteria = Array("*A*", "*B*", "*C*")
    
    arr = Application.Transpose(Range("B2", Cells(Rows.Count, "B").End(xlUp)))
   
    Set dict = CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary")

    Dim boolFound As Boolean, el As Variant

    For r = 1 To UBound(arr)
          boolFound = False
            For Each el In filter_Criteria
                If arr(r, 1) Like el Then boolFound = True: Exit For
           Next el
           If Not boolFound Then dict(CStr(arr(r, 1))) = vbNullString
    Next r
    
End Sub

您可以将过滤器值连接为一个字符串，然后使用like运算符：

Sub look_Array()

Dim filter_Criteria As String
filter_Criteria = "|" & Join(Array("A", "B", "C"), "|") & "|"

Dim arrValues As Variant
arrValues = Application.Transpose(Range("B2", Cells(Rows.Count, "B").End(xlUp)))
   
Dim dict As Object
Set dict = CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary")

Dim r As Long

For r = 1 To UBound(arrValues, 1)
    If Not filter_Criteria Like "*|" & arrValues(r) & "|*" Then
        dict(arrValues(r)) = vbNullString
    End If
Next

End Sub

为了安全起见，我们需要在字符串的两边都有管道符号。

根据艾克的回答：使用like的建议是好的。然而，试图将实际值转换为模式有点奇怪。您应该创建一个保持不变的值（在本例中是A、B和C）的模式，并将该模式与值进行比较。
我们创建的模式如下。[A，B，C]这将匹配这些字符中的任何一个，所以如果一个字符串包含A，这部分将匹配，如果一个字符串包含B，这部分将匹配，等等。为了说明所有可能出现在我们要查找的字符之前或之后的字符，我们只需在模式的前面和后面放置一个*（* 表示任何字符的0或更多（因此基本上匹配任何字符，这就是我们想要的））

Sub look_Array()

Dim filter_Criteria As String
filter_Criteria = "|*[" & Join(Array("A", "B", "C"), ",") & "]*|"

Dim arrValues As Variant
arrValues = Application.Transpose(Range("B2", Cells(Rows.Count, "B").End(xlUp)))
   
Dim dict As Object
Set dict = CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary")

Dim r As Long

For r = 1 To UBound(arrValues, 1)
    If Not "|" & arrValues(r) & "|" Like filter_Criteria Then
        dict(arrValues(r)) = vbNullString
    End If
Next
End Sub