我现在解决了。首先创建一个令牌并添加任何数据以标识其用例。例如，我使用一个scoped：

public function createToken(JWTTokenManagerInterface $jwt): JsonResponse
{
    $token = $jwt->createFromPayload(
        $this->getUser(),
        ['scope' => 'fileScope']
    );

    return new JsonResponse($token);
}

然后使用EventListener根据作用域设置到期日期：

// EventListener/JWTCreatedListener.php

declare(strict_types=1);

namespace App\EventListener;

use App\Controller\Authentication\GetDocumentFileToken;
use Lexik\Bundle\JWTAuthenticationBundle\Event\JWTCreatedEvent;

/**
 * Class JWTCreatedListener
 */
class JWTCreatedListener
{
    /**
     * @param JWTCreatedEvent $event
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function onJWTCreated(JWTCreatedEvent $event): void
    {
        $payload = $event->getData();

        if (($payload['scope'] ?? '') === 'fileScope') {
            $expiration = new \DateTime('+1 minute');
            $payload['exp'] = $expiration->getTimestamp();
        }

        $event->setData($payload);
    }
}

然后，在只允许特定范围令牌的控制器中：

public function getDocumentFile(JWTTokenManagerInterface $jwt): JsonResponse
{
    $token = /* Get token from request or something */;
    $tokenData = $jwt->parse($token);

    if (($tokenData['scope'] ?? '') !== 'fileScope') {
        return new JsonResponse('Permission denied', 400);
    }

    // Token is valid and fileScope so output file
}