geo2topo适用于JSON字符串，而不是R对象。
从您在示例中编写的geoJSON文件开始。ogrinfo告诉我它的geoJSON：

$ ogrinfo provinces.geojson 
INFO: Open of `provinces.geojson'
      using driver `GeoJSON' successful.
1: provinces (Multi Polygon)

将其作为文本读入R-这是纯文本geoJSON：

> s = readLines("provinces.geojson")
Warning message:
In readLines("provinces.geojson") :
  incomplete final line found on 'provinces.geojson'
> substr(s, 1, 100)
[1] "{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{\"pruid\":46,\"prname\":\"Manitob"

现在转换为topoJSON字符串：

> tj = geojsonio::geo2topo(s)
> substr(tj, 1, 100)
{"type":"Topology","objects":{"foo":{"type":"GeometryCollection","geometries":[{"type":"MultiPolygon

并将文本写入文件：

> writeLines(tj, "tj.topojson")
>

将gdal解释为topoJSON：

$ ogrinfo tj.topojson 
INFO: Open of `tj.topojson'
      using driver `TopoJSON' successful.
1: foo (Multi Polygon)

我不知道它从哪里得到的foo层名称，这可能是设置为其他地方，除非它实际上在数据中...

除了Spacedman描述的geo2topo方法之外，您还可以考虑geojsonio::topojson_json()。
一个可能的障碍可能是provinces对象位于一些本地CRS中，而当前的geojson标准只要求EPSG：4326。有一个很好的故事，可能是杜撰的，标准制定机构不相信主要用户（IT，而不是GIS人员）理解地球不平坦的问题，并删除了在EPSG数据库中使用CRS作为标准化的选项，这是原始标准所允许的。
geojson / topojson仍然很难使用CRS，即使根据标准保存并读回R，它也会与CRS斗争，这就是为什么我必须应用sf::st_set_crs(4326)。

library(sf)
library(geojsonio)
library(canadamaps)

provinces <- get_provinces()
provinces <- st_as_sf(provinces)

provinces %>% 
  st_transform(4326) %>% # the one and only CRS that geojson standard allows
  dplyr::transmute(id = pruid, prname) %>% 
  geojsonio::topojson_json(object_name = "provinces", crs = 4326) %>% 
  geojsonio::topojson_write(file = "oh_canada.json", crs = 4326)

st_read("oh_canada.json") %>% 
  st_set_crs(4326)

# Reading layer `provinces' from data source `/home/jindra/Documents/SmallDev/oh_canada.json' using driver `TopoJSON'
# Simple feature collection with 13 features and 2 fields
# Geometry type: MULTIPOLYGON
# Dimension:     XY
# Bounding box:  xmin: -141.0181 ymin: 41.72967 xmax: -52.61941 ymax: 83.1355
# CRS:           NA
# Simple feature collection with 13 features and 2 fields
# Geometry type: MULTIPOLYGON
# Dimension:     XY
# Bounding box:  xmin: -141.0181 ymin: 41.72967 xmax: -52.61941 ymax: 83.1355
# Geodetic CRS:  WGS 84
# First 10 features:
#    id                                              prname                        geometry
# 1  46                                            Manitoba MULTIPOLYGON (((-101.3625 4...
# 2  47                                        Saskatchewan MULTIPOLYGON (((-102 60, -1...
# 3  48                                             Alberta MULTIPOLYGON (((-110 60, -1...
# 4  59             British Columbia / Colombie-Britannique MULTIPOLYGON (((-120 60, -1...
# 5  24                                     Quebec / Québec MULTIPOLYGON (((-69.05071 4...
# 6  35                                             Ontario MULTIPOLYGON (((-79.51585 5...
# 7  10 Newfoundland and Labrador / Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador MULTIPOLYGON (((-53.81009 4...
# 8  11        Prince Edward Island / Île-du-Prince-Édouard MULTIPOLYGON (((-62.85386 4...
# 9  12                       Nova Scotia / Nouvelle-Écosse MULTIPOLYGON (((-64.0426 45...
# 10 13                   New Brunswick / Nouveau-Brunswick MULTIPOLYGON # ##(((-64.27499 4...