当你使用CreateObject时，你是在运行时绑定对象（即后期绑定）。当使用As Scripting.Dictionary时，对象在编译时绑定（即早期绑定）。
如果你想做早期绑定，你需要设置一个对正确库的引用。要执行此操作，请转到“工具”-->“引用”...然后选择“Microsoft Scripting Runtime”

为了避免这个错误，请添加Microsoft Scripting Runtime（在Tools -> References中）。
简化示例：

Sub test_dict()
    Dim dict As New Scripting.Dictionary
    Call process(dict)
End Sub

Sub process_dict(dict As Scripting.Dictionary)
    MsgBox dict.Count
End Sub

我会修改这个答案，只使用后期绑定，并使用一个对象参数：

Sub aaa(dict As Object)
Set dict = CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary")
...
process dict 
End Sub

Sub process(dict As Object)
    MsgBox dict.Count
End Sub

您需要添加对Microsoft脚本运行时库的引用，以便宏能够识别类型。后藤Tools->References并检查Microsoft Scripting Runtime。

在添加“工具->引用->Microsoft脚本运行时”之后，尝试以下操作

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click()

    Dim myLocalDictionary As New Dictionary
    myLocalDictionary.Add "a", "aaa"
    myLocalDictionary.Add "b", "bbb"
    myLocalDictionary.Add "c", "ccc"

    Call testPassDictionary(myLocalDictionary)

End Sub

Sub testPassDictionary(myDictionary As Dictionary)
    MsgBox myDictionary.Count
End Sub