WITH            --  S a m p l e   D a t a :
    tbl (EQUIPMENT_ID, BATCH_ID) AS
        (   
            Select 'Dispense', '1000731655_000731656' From Dual Union All
            Select 'Dispense', '1000746832_000746833' From Dual Union All
            Select 'Dispense', '1000731637_000731639' From Dual Union All
            Select 'Dispense', '1000575235_000575236' From Dual
        )
--  M a i n   S Q L :
SELECT  EQUIPMENT_ID, BATCH_ID
FROM    tbl
WHERE   To_Number(SubStr(BATCH_ID, 20, 1)) - To_Number(SubStr(BATCH_ID, 10, 1)) > 1
--  
--  R e s u l t :
--  EQUIPMENT_ID BATCH_ID            
--  ------------ --------------------
--  Dispense     1000731637_000731639

也许最好用两个字符，比如第9和第10，第19和第20，因为以0结尾的数字可能会有一些问题。使用To_number（），因为我不喜欢依赖隐式转换。

WHERE To_Number(SubStr(BATCH_ID, 19, 2)) - To_Number(SubStr(BATCH_ID, 9, 2)) > 1

您可以使用SUBSTR来查找这些位置处的字符，然后进行减法（隐式地将它们转换为数字）：

SELECT *
FROM   table_name
WHERE  ABS(SUBSTR(batch_id, 20, 1) - SUBSTR(batch_id, 10, 1)) > 1;

其中，对于样本数据：

CREATE TABLE table_name (EQUIPMENT_ID, BATCH_ID) AS
SELECT 'Dispense', '1000731655_000731656' FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT 'Dispense', '1000746832_000746833' FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT 'Dispense', '1000731637_000731639' FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT 'Dispense', '1000575235_000575236' FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT 'Dispense', '1000575239_000575240' FROM DUAL;

输出：
| 设备ID|批次ID|
| - -----|- -----|
| 分发|1000731637_000731639|
| 分发|1000575239_000575240|
或者，如果您想使用所有6位数字，则：

SELECT *
FROM   table_name
WHERE  ABS(SUBSTR(batch_id, 15, 6) - SUBSTR(batch_id, 5, 6)) > 1;

其输出：
| 设备ID|批次ID|
| - -----|- -----|
| 分发|1000731637_000731639|
fiddle

如果数字不是固定长度的，你可以试试

CREATE TABLE batch
    ("EQUIPMENT_ID" varchar2(8), "BATCH_ID" varchar2(20))
;

INSERT ALL 
    INTO batch ("EQUIPMENT_ID", "BATCH_ID")
         VALUES ('Dispense', '1000731655_000731656')
    INTO batch ("EQUIPMENT_ID", "BATCH_ID")
         VALUES ('Dispense', '1000746832_000746833')
    INTO batch ("EQUIPMENT_ID", "BATCH_ID")
         VALUES ('Dispense', '1000731637_000731639')
    INTO batch ("EQUIPMENT_ID", "BATCH_ID")
         VALUES ('Dispense', '1000575235_000575236')
SELECT * FROM dual

4 rows affected

SELECT * FROM batch t
  WHERE To_Number(SUBSTR(SUBSTR(t."BATCH_ID", INSTR(t."BATCH_ID", '_')+1),-1)) 
   - To_Number(SUBSTR(SUBSTR(t."BATCH_ID", 1, INSTR(t."BATCH_ID", '_')-1),-1)) 
         > 1

| 设备ID|批次ID|
| - -----|- -----|
| 分发|1000731637_000731639|
fiddle