You can try joining on the following criteria:

select n.name, p.pattern
from name_table n 
join pattern_table p on Replace(n.name, p.pattern, '') not like '%[A-z]%';

You might find it easier to implement the logic in a cross apply:

select n.name, p.pattern
from name_table n 
cross apply (
  select pattern
  from pattern_table p
  where Replace(n.name, p.pattern, '') not like '%[A-z]%'
)p;

Try this. The idea is to find 100% pattern match first and then find others using mask but exclude results with letters.

select 
    A.name, B.pattern 
from 
    tmp A 
inner join 
    pat B on 1 = case 
                    when A.name = B.pattern then 1
                    when A.name like B.pattern+'[^a-zA-Z]%' and replace(A.name,B.pattern,'') not like '%[a-zA-Z]%' then 1
                 else
                    0
                 end