一个示例，可用于POSIX兼容系统：

/*
 * This program displays the names of all files in the current directory.
 */

#include <dirent.h> 
#include <stdio.h> 

int main(void) {
  DIR *d;
  struct dirent *dir;
  d = opendir(".");
  if (d) {
    while ((dir = readdir(d)) != NULL) {
      printf("%s\n", dir->d_name);
    }
    closedir(d);
  }
  return(0);
}

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注意，这样的操作在C中是依赖于平台的。
来源：http://faq.cprogramming.com/cgi-bin/smartfaq.cgi?answer=1046380353&id=1044780608

对JB Jansen's answer的一个小补充-在主readdir()循环中，我添加了以下内容：

if (dir->d_type == DT_REG)
  {
     printf("%s\n", dir->d_name);
  }

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只是检查它是否真的是文件，而不是（sym）链接，目录或其他东西。
注意：更多关于struct dirent的信息请参见libc documentation。

下面是一个完整的程序如何递归地列出文件夹的内容：

#include <dirent.h> 
#include <stdio.h> 
#include <string.h>

#define NORMAL_COLOR  "\x1B[0m"
#define GREEN  "\x1B[32m"
#define BLUE  "\x1B[34m"


/* let us make a recursive function to print the content of a given folder */

void show_dir_content(char * path)
{
  DIR * d = opendir(path); // open the path
  if(d==NULL) return; // if was not able, return
  struct dirent * dir; // for the directory entries
  while ((dir = readdir(d)) != NULL) // if we were able to read somehting from the directory
    {
      if(dir-> d_type != DT_DIR) // if the type is not directory just print it with blue color
        printf("%s%s\n",BLUE, dir->d_name);
      else
      if(dir -> d_type == DT_DIR && strcmp(dir->d_name,".")!=0 && strcmp(dir->d_name,"..")!=0 ) // if it is a directory
      {
        printf("%s%s\n",GREEN, dir->d_name); // print its name in green
        char d_path[255]; // here I am using sprintf which is safer than strcat
        sprintf(d_path, "%s/%s", path, dir->d_name);
        show_dir_content(d_path); // recall with the new path
      }
    }
    closedir(d); // finally close the directory
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
  printf("%s\n", NORMAL_COLOR);
  show_dir_content(argv[1]);
  printf("%s\n", NORMAL_COLOR);
  return(0);
}

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下面的代码将只打印目录中的文件，并排除在给定目录中的目录，而遍历。

#include <dirent.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include<string.h>
int main(void)
{
    DIR *d;
    struct dirent *dir;
    char path[1000]="/home/joy/Downloads";
    d = opendir(path);
    char full_path[1000];
    if (d)
    {
        while ((dir = readdir(d)) != NULL)
        {
            //Condition to check regular file.
            if(dir->d_type==DT_REG){
                full_path[0]='\0';
                strcat(full_path,path);
                strcat(full_path,"/");
                strcat(full_path,dir->d_name);
                printf("%s\n",full_path);
            }
        }
        closedir(d);
    }
    return(0);     
}

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你可以用doTheWorld库轻松地创建它
https://github.com/OUIsolutions/DoTheWorld

#include "doTheWorld.h"

int main (){

    DtwStringArray *elements = dtw_list_files_recursively("exemples",DTW_NOT_CONCAT_PATH);
    for(int i = 0; i < elements->size; i++){
      char *current =  elements->strings[i];
      printf("current %s\n",current);
    }
 
    return 0;

}

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