一个numpy中的多个片段,分段

tvokkenx  于 2023-08-05  发布在  其他
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我正在修模糊系统的课程,我在电脑上修my notes。这意味着我必须不时地在电脑上画图表。由于这些图定义得很好,我觉得用numpy绘制它们是个好主意(我用LaTeX做笔记,而且我在python shell上很快,所以我想我可以摆脱这个)。
fuzzy membership functions的图形是高度分段的,例如:


的数据
为了绘制这个图,我尝试了numpy.piecewise的以下代码(这给了我一个神秘的错误):

In [295]: a = np.arange(0,5,1)

In [296]: condlist = [[b<=a<b+0.25, b+0.25<=a<b+0.75, b+0.75<=a<b+1] for b in range(3)]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-296-a951e2682357> in <module>()
----> 1 condlist = [[b<=a<b+0.25, b+0.25<=a<b+0.75, b+0.75<=a<b+1] for b in range(3)]

ValueError: The truth value of an array with more than one element is ambiguous. Use a.any() or a.all()

In [297]: funclist = list(itertools.chain([lambda x:-4*x+1, lambda x: 0, lambda x:4*x+1]*3))

In [298]: np.piecewise(a, condlist, funclist)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-298-41168765ae55> in <module>()
----> 1 np.piecewise(a, condlist, funclist)

/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/lib/function_base.pyc in piecewise(x, condlist, funclist, *args, **kw)
    688     if (n != n2):
    689         raise ValueError(
--> 690                 "function list and condition list must be the same")
    691     zerod = False
    692     # This is a hack to work around problems with NumPy's

ValueError: function list and condition list must be the same

字符串
在这一点上,我相当困惑如何绘制这个函数。我真的不理解错误消息,这进一步阻碍了我调试它的努力。
最后,我希望绘制并导出到EPS文件中的这个函数,所以我也很感激沿着这些路线的任何帮助。

jljoyd4f

jljoyd4f1#

一般来说,numpy数组非常擅长做一些明智的事情,当你只是把它们当作数字来写代码时。链接比较是一个罕见的例外。您看到的错误基本上是这样的(由于piecewise内部和ipython错误格式而有点模糊):

>>> a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
>>> 1.5 < a
array([False,  True,  True], dtype=bool)
>>> 
>>> 1.5 < a < 2.5
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: The truth value of an array with more than one element is ambiguous. Use a.any() or a.all()
>>> 
>>> (1.5 < a) & (a < 2.5)
array([False,  True, False], dtype=bool)
>>>

字符串
您也可以使用np.logical_and,但按位的&(不是and)在这里工作得很好。
就绘图而言,numpy本身不做任何事情。下面是一个matplotlib的例子:

>>> import numpy as np
>>> def piecew(x):
...   conds = [x < 0, (x > 0) & (x < 1), (x > 1) & (x < 2), x > 2]
...   funcs = [lambda x: x+1, lambda x: 1, 
...            lambda x: -x + 2., lambda x: (x-2)**2]
...   return np.piecewise(x, conds, funcs)
>>>
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> xx = np.linspace(-0.5, 3.1, 100)
>>> plt.plot(xx, piecew(xx))
>>> plt.show() # or plt.savefig('foo.eps')


请注意,piecewise是一个反复无常的野兽。特别是,它需要它的x参数是一个数组,如果不是,甚至不会尝试转换它(用numpy的说法:x必须是ndarray,而不是array_like):

>>> piecew(2.1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 4, in piecew
  File "/home/br/.local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/lib/function_base.py", line 690, in piecewise
    "function list and condition list must be the same")
ValueError: function list and condition list must be the same
>>> 
>>> piecew(np.asarray([2.1]))
array([ 0.01])

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