经过一番调查，我自己发现了错误。我想这个解决方案是不可推广的，但也许它可以帮助你们中的一些人朝着正确的方向搜索。
就像在最初的问题中描述的那样，sendResetLinkEmail函数是我的最后一站。这个函数使用的是facade Illuminate\Support\Facades\Password，而facade Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\PasswordBroker使用的是facade Illuminate\Support\Facades\Password。

// Illuminate\Foundation\Auth\SendsPasswordResetEmails::sendResetLinkEmail()
$response = $this->broker()->sendResetLink(
    $this->credentials($request)
);

PasswordBroker具有以下功能：

// Illuminate\Auth\Passwords\PasswordBroker
/**
 * Send a password reset link to a user.
 *
 * @param  array  $credentials
 * @return string
 */
public function sendResetLink(array $credentials)
{
    // First we will check to see if we found a user at the given credentials and
    // if we did not we will redirect back to this current URI with a piece of
    // "flash" data in the session to indicate to the developers the errors.
    $user = $this->getUser($credentials);

    if (is_null($user)) {
        return static::INVALID_USER;
    }

    if (method_exists($this->tokens, 'recentlyCreatedToken') &&
        $this->tokens->recentlyCreatedToken($user)) {
        return static::RESET_THROTTLED;
    }

    // Once we have the reset token, we are ready to send the message out to this
    // user with a link to reset their password. We will then redirect back to
    // the current URI having nothing set in the session to indicate errors.
    $user->sendPasswordResetNotification(
        $this->tokens->create($user)
    );

    return static::RESET_LINK_SENT;
}

所以我看了一下：

// Illuminate\Auth\Passwords\CanResetPassword
/**
 * Send the password reset notification.
 *
 * @param  string  $token
 * @return void
 */
public function sendPasswordResetNotification($token)
{
    $this->notify(new ResetPasswordNotification($token));
}

并注意到通过这一点，该通知ResetPasswordNotification发布和实施ShouldQueue .

class ResetPasswordNotification extends Notification implements ShouldQueue {}

因为没有队列工作线程在运行，所以密码重置通知从未发送，但这也是日志中没有错误的相同原因。

经验教训：在开始您的应用程序代码之旅之前，请先查看jobs表。