我知道这是一个有点旧的帖子，但你可以使用Qt5Widgets_VERSION检查版本。下面是一些CMake代码示例：

find_package(Qt5Widgets REQUIRED)

if (Qt5Widgets_FOUND)
    if (Qt5Widgets_VERSION VERSION_LESS 5.7.0)
        message(FATAL_ERROR "Minimum supported Qt5 version is 5.70!")
    endif()
else()
    message(SEND_ERROR "The Qt5Widgets library could not be found!")
endif(Qt5Widgets_FOUND)

现在可以将一个版本传递给find_package，如下所示：

find_package(Qt5Core 5.10 REQUIRED)

如果找不到兼容的Qt5Core版本，find_package调用将失败：

CMake Warning at CMakeLists.txt:15 (find_package):
Could not find a configuration file for package "Qt5Core" that is
compatible with requested version "5.10".

The following configuration files were considered but not accepted:

C:/some/where/lib/cmake/Qt5Core/Qt5CoreConfig.cmake, version: 5.9.4

这在https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/command/find_package.html#version-selection上有详细的文档

对于Qt提供的cmake包，没有直接的方法可以做到这一点，但是使用qmake查询Qt版本是很容易的。假设您在cmake文件中已经有类似于下面的内容来定位Qt安装

set(QTDIR $ENV{QTDIR} CACHE STRING "Qt install path")
list(APPEND CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH ${QTDIR})

你可以检查版本和失败的配置步骤，如果它太低，像这样

set(QT_MINIMUM_VERSION 5.3.0)

# Test for supported Qt version
find_program(QMAKE_EXECUTABLE NAMES qmake HINTS ${QTDIR} ENV QTDIR PATH_SUFFIXES bin)
execute_process(COMMAND ${QMAKE_EXECUTABLE} -query QT_VERSION OUTPUT_VARIABLE QT_VERSION)
if(QT_VERSION LESS QT_MINIMUM_VERSION)
    MESSAGE(FATAL_ERROR "Minimum supported Qt version: ${QT_MINIMUM_VERSION}. 
    Installed version: ${QT_VERSION}")
endif()

一个简单的方法：

find_package(Qt6 REQUIRED COMPONENTS Widgets)
message("${Qt6_VERSION}")