我现在唯一能想到的是，我不知道我是否正确理解了你的问题。
您可以为测试定义不同的环境，并相应地调用它们。

service.yaml

when@test: &route_test
    parameters:
        supported_routes: ['route1', 'route2']

when@testroute1:
    framework:
        test: true
    parameters:
        supported_routes: ['route1']

when@testroute2:
    framework:
        test: true
    parameters:
        supported_routes: ['route2']

使用APP_ENV=<envname> php bin/phpunit --filter ServiceTest启动相应的测试。

<?php

namespace App\Tests\SO77229710;

use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Test\KernelTestCase;
use Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\ParameterBag\ParameterBagInterface;

class ServiceTest extends KernelTestCase
{
    /**
     * @var ParameterBagInterface
     */
    private mixed $parameters;

    public function setUp(): void
    {
        parent::setUp();
        self::bootKernel();
        $this->parameters = self::getContainer()->get(ParameterBagInterface::class);
    }

    /**
     * APP_ENV=testroute1 php bin/phpunit --filter ServiceTest
     */
    public function testRoute1()
    {
        if ('testroute1' !== self::$kernel->getEnvironment()) {
            $this->markTestSkipped('Skipped because is not APP_EN testroute1');
        }

        $this->assertEquals(['route1'], $this->parameters->get('supported_routes'));
    }

    /**
     * APP_ENV=testroute2 php bin/phpunit --filter ServiceTest
     */
    public function testRoute2()
    {
        if ('testroute2' !== self::$kernel->getEnvironment()) {
            $this->markTestSkipped('Skipped because is not APP_EN testroute2');
        }

        $this->assertEquals(['route2'], $this->parameters->get('supported_routes'));
    }
}

更新

将APP_ENV设置为动态。

class ServiceTest extends KernelTestCase
{
    public function testRoute1()
    {
        self::bootKernel(['environment' => 'testroute1']);
        $parameters = self::getContainer()->get(ParameterBagInterface::class);
        $this->assertEquals(['route1'], $parameters->get('supported_routes'));
    }

    public function testRoute2()
    {
        self::bootKernel(['environment' => 'testroute2']);
        $parameters = self::getContainer()->get(ParameterBagInterface::class);
        $this->assertEquals(['route2'], $parameters->get('supported_routes'));
    }
}