也许你可以使用TitledBorder代替在西/东/南面板的顶部使用标签。这将在面板周围放置一条矩形线，顶部有一个标题。
请阅读Swing教程中关于How to Use Borders的部分，以了解更多信息和工作示例。
如果你不想这样做，那么你可能需要将默认的FlowLayout或每个面板更改为另一个布局。例如，你可以使用BorderLayout。然后将标签添加到PAGE_START，将其他组件添加到CENTER。要点是你可以使用不同的布局嵌套面板以实现你想要的布局。

这里有一些东西可以让你开始。请阅读评论。我没有做所有需要的布局更改：我只是要演示应该做什么，所以你得到的想法。

import java.awt.BorderLayout;
import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.Dimension;
import java.awt.GridLayout;

import javax.swing.BorderFactory;
import javax.swing.JButton;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JLabel;
import javax.swing.JPanel;
import javax.swing.JTextArea;
import javax.swing.WindowConstants;

public class StackPanel extends JPanel {

    JPanel west, westSub1, east, south, southSub1;
    JTextArea infoText, popText, pushText, peekText, resultText;
    JLabel aTitle, bTitle, cTitle, Result;
    JButton push, pop, peek, test;

    public StackPanel() {

        // Creating JPanels
        setLayout(new BorderLayout());
    
        // Creating JLabels / JTextArea
        aTitle = new JLabel("Operations");
        bTitle = new JLabel("Data Structure Contents");

        west = new JPanel();
        //you need to set layout manager to the panel, to lay out its components
        west.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
        west.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(200,200));
        west.setBorder(BorderFactory.createLineBorder(Color.black));
        west.setBackground(new Color(234,237,242));
        add(west, BorderLayout.WEST);

        west.add(aTitle, BorderLayout.NORTH);//use panel's layout manager

        //you have 4 rows so GridLayout(3,2) is wrong
        westSub1 = new JPanel(new GridLayout(4,2));

        //for a grid layout: add components in the right order
        push = new JButton("PUSH");
        westSub1.add(push);

        pushText = new JTextArea("pushtxt");
        westSub1.add(pushText);

        pop = new JButton("POP") ;
        westSub1.add(pop);

        popText = new JTextArea("poptxt");
        westSub1.add(popText);

        peek = new JButton("PEEK");
        westSub1.add(peek);

        peekText = new JTextArea("g");
        westSub1.add(peekText);

        test = new JButton("TEST");
        westSub1.add(test);

        resultText = new JTextArea("");
        westSub1.add(resultText);

        west.add(westSub1, BorderLayout.CENTER);//use panel's layout manager

        east = new JPanel();
        east.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(400,100));
        east.setBorder(BorderFactory.createLineBorder(Color.black));
        east.setBackground(new Color(255,255,255));

        east.add(bTitle);
        add(east, BorderLayout.CENTER);

        south = new JPanel();
        //you need to set layout manager to the panel, to lay out its components
        south.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
        south.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(100,150));
        south.setBorder(BorderFactory.createLineBorder(Color.black));
        south.setBackground(new Color(240,240,240));
        add(south, BorderLayout.SOUTH);

        cTitle = new JLabel("Information");
        south.add(cTitle, BorderLayout.NORTH); //use panel's layout manager
        infoText = new JTextArea("This is where commands will be displayed.");
        south.add(infoText, BorderLayout.CENTER);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args){

          JFrame frame = new JFrame();
          frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(WindowConstants.DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE);

          frame.getContentPane().add(new StackPanel());
          frame.pack();
          frame.setVisible(true);
    }
}

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这段代码有它需要的所有导入，就像运行main一样。

基本的Swing布局管理器要么非常初级，要么使用起来非常复杂。因此，可能可以选择使用FormLayout或MigLayout，它们很复杂，但使用起来并不复杂。

我使用Swing已经是很久以前的事了。但是我在Swing的默认布局上遇到了同样的问题。我的建议是改为TableLayout。它非常容易使用，你可以得到精确的结果。
请查看教程：http://www.clearthought.info/sun/products/jfc/tsc/articles/tablelayout/Simple.html
不完美，但我会像这样的机会你的代码

public class StackPanel extends JPanel {

JPanel west, east, south, southSub1;
JTextArea infoText, popText, pushText, peekText, resultText;
JLabel aTitle, bTitle, cTitle, Result;
JButton push, pop, peek, test;

public StackPanel() {

    // Creating JPanels
    double size[][] =  {{0.3, 0.7}, {TableLayout.FILL, 70}};
    setLayout(new TableLayout(size));

    double sizeWest[][] =  {{0.5, 0.5}, {20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20}};
    setLayout(new TableLayout(size));

    west = new JPanel(new TableLayout(sizeWest));

    east = new JPanel();
    south = new JPanel();

    // Creating JLabels / JTextArea
    aTitle = new JLabel("Operations");
    bTitle = new JLabel("Data Structure Contents");
    cTitle = new JLabel("Information");
    infoText = new JTextArea("This is where commands will be displayed.");
    pushText = new JTextArea("pushtxt");
    popText = new JTextArea("poptxt");
    peekText = new JTextArea("g");
    resultText = new JTextArea("");
    west.add(aTitle, "0,0,1,0");
    west.add(pushText, "0,1");
    west.add(popText, "0,2");
    west.add(peekText, "0,3");
    west.add(resultText, "0,4");
    east.add(bTitle);
    south.add(cTitle);
    south.add(infoText);

    // Creating & Adding JButtons
    push = new JButton("PUSH");
    pop = new JButton("POP") ;
    peek = new JButton("PEEK");
    test = new JButton("TEST");
    west.add(push, "1,1");
    west.add(pop,"1,2");
    west.add(peek,"1,3");
    west.add(test, "1,4");

    // Setting the placements of GUI objects
    add(west, "0,0");
    add(east, "1,0");
    add(south, "0,1, 1,1");

    // Declaring JPanel sizes // Width|Height
    west.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(200,200));
    east.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(400,100));
    south.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(100,150));

    // Setting black borders for JPanels
    west.setBorder(BorderFactory.createLineBorder(Color.black));
    east.setBorder(BorderFactory.createLineBorder(Color.black));
    south.setBorder(BorderFactory.createLineBorder(Color.black));

    // Setting JPanel background colours
    west.setBackground(new Color(234,237,242));
    east.setBackground(new Color(255,255,255));
    south.setBackground(new Color(240,240,240));
}}

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